Today is Friday; 27th of the Iranian month of Dey 1398 solar hijri; corresponding to 21st of the Islamic month of Jamadi al-Awwal 1441 lunar hijri; and January 17, 2020, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

1625 solar years ago, on this day in 395 AD, on the death of Emperor Theodosius I, after a 16-year reign, the Roman Empire was permanently divided between his two young sons into the Eastern Roman Empire under the 18-year-old Arcadius, and the Western Roman Empire under the 10-year old Honorius, with Flavius Rufinus and Flavius Stilicho respectively acting as their guardians. The Roman Empire was never again re-united. In 380, a year after his accession, Theodosius, through the infamous Edict of Thessalonica, had forced all Roman citizens to convert to the Trinitarian form of Christianity, or else be branded as heretics, subject to punishment. Trinity or the weird concept of ‘godfather’, ‘godson’ and ‘holy ghost’ – an invention of Paul the Hellenized Jew who was a staunch opponent of Prophet Jesus and after him feigned to be his follower – was designed to suit the polytheist beliefs of European pagans, in opposition to the monotheist message of the Virgin-born Messiah. With its capital city at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as Byzantine, survived for almost a millennium the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, reaching its greatest extent after conquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including North Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two centuries. During the 26-year long war with the Sassanian Empire of Iran from 602 to 628 for control of Anatolia and Levant, its resources were exhausted and led to major territorial losses to the newly-emerging Muslim Arabs to whom it lost its richest provinces, that is, Egypt and Syria. In 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert, the Eastern Roman Empire lost much of Asia Minor to the Iran-based Seljuqid Empire. Byzantine was finally cast into the dustbin of history in 1453 when the Ottoman Turks captured its capital in 1453. Its language was Greek, in opposition to the Latin of the West, while its Church was “Orthodox”, in opposition to the Catholic Church of Rome.

1120 lunar years ago, on this day in 320 AH, acclaimed Muslim physician, philosopher, and geographer, Ahmad ibn Ja'far ibn al-Jazzar al-Qayrawani, was born in Qayrawan in what is now Tunisia during the rule of Fatemid Ismaili Shi'ite Muslim dynasty of North Africa. Known to medieval Europe by his Latinized name Algizar. He authored several books on grammar, history, jurisprudence, medicine, prosody, etc. His book on medicine titled “Zaad al-Musafer”, was translated as “The Viaticum” in Latin, and later translated into Greek and Hebrew. It was copied, recopied, and printed in France and Italy till the sixteenth century, and was used in Europe as a medical education text, along with “al-Qanoun fi't-Tibb” (The Canon of Medicine) of the famous Iranian Islamic genius, Abu Ali ibn Sina. Ibn al-Jazzar also wrote a book on sleep disorders and another one on forgetfulness and how to strengthen memory, titled “Kitab an-Nisyaan wa-Ṭuruq Taqwiyat az-Zakira”. He also wrote books on pediatrics, sexual disorders, leprosy, therapeutics and animals.

830 lunar years ago, on this day in 610 AH, Mu'tazzalite literary figure and lexicographer, Burhan od-Din Nasser bin Abdus-Seyyed Matrazi, passed away at the age of 74 in his homeland Khwarazem in Central Asia which was part of Iran. He is known as successor to the famous Iranian exegete of the Holy Qur'an, hadith scholar, and lexicographer, Jarallah Zamakhshari, who passed away in the year that Matrazi was born. His famous book on lexicography is titled “al-Maghreb fi Lughat al-Fiqh”. He wrote numerous other books including a commentary on the Arabic literary masterpiece “Maqamaat Hariri”.

733 solar years ago, on this day in 1287 AD, King Alfonso III of Aragon invaded the Muslim island of Minorca (Manurqa in Arabic) in the Mediterranean to end over five centuries of glorious Islamic rule, six decades after the Christians had conquered Majorca Island in the Balearic Archipelago. Alfonso killed, Christianized and enslaved the Muslims of these islands.

314 solar years ago, on this day in 1706 AD, Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America that was set up by the 13 rebellious New England colonies, was born in Boston to British parents. He was a printer, publisher, author, inventor, scientist, and diplomat. He became widely known in European scientific circles for his reports of electrical experiments and theories. He invented the lightning rod, and the bifocal eyeglasses were his ideas as well. When the colonies rebelled against the British crown, he became an ardent supporter of independence, served as diplomat both at home and in Europe, and was regarded as second only to President George Washington in power and prestige. Franklin emphasized that the US could survive only if the people were virtuous, followed religious rules in both personal and civic life, and abstained from corruption, oppression, violence, and immoralities – all of which are dragging the US today towards its eventual doom.

215 solar years ago, on this day in 1805 AD, French orientalist, Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, died in his hometown Paris at the age of 73. He could be called the first professional French Indologist and Iranologist. In 1754, he was shown a few lines copied from a fragment of the Zoroastrian sacred book Avesta brought in 1723 to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. He decided to go to India to retrieve the book. He travelled to Surat to meet the Parsees and obtained a copy of the Vendidad from   Kaus and Darab, two reformist Dasturs, who also taught him, via Persian, what they knew of Avestan – though it was not much. Then he got a better copy of the Avesta from the Dastur Mancherji. In June, 1759, he was able to send news to Paris that he had completed in three months a translation of the Vendidad. His plan of studies was read to the Academy in February, 1760. In September, 1760, his translation of the Avesta was completed, and he had acquired 180 manuscripts, including samples of nearly all the languages of India. Following his Zend-Avesta and until his death in 1805 in Paris, Anquetil-Duperon was occupied with studying the laws, history, and geography of India. His most valuable achievement was a two-volume Latin retranslation and commentary of a Persian translation of fifty Upanishads (or sacred books of the Hindus) received from India in 1775, which he translated by 1796.

179 solar years ago, on this day in 1841 AD, British mountaineer, George Everest, became the first European to discover the highest peak in the world in the Himalayas, which was later named after him as “Everest”, although he never managed to ascend this 8,800-meter high summit, which lies in Nepal, and is called “Sagarmatha”. The Everest was first scaled in 1953 by Indian Nepalese mountaineer, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, and New Zealand's Edmund Hillary. This massive peak in the formidable Himalayan Mountain Range also covers parts of Tibet where it is called “Chomolungma”. In 2005, a mountaineering team from the Islamic Republic of Iran succeeded in climbing Mount Everest.

160 solar years ago, on this day in 1860 AD, Russian author, Anton Chekhov, was born in a poor family, and with his hard efforts graduated in medicine from Moscow University. He had a flair for writing, and cooperated with newspapers and magazines. He is famous for his short stories, and died in 1902.

147 solar years ago, on this day in 1873 AD, native warriors of the Amerindian Modoc tribe defeated the US Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold. The Modoc War, also known as the Lava Beds War, was part of the expansionist and genocidal policy of the Anglo-Saxon rulers in Washington to exterminate the native population, in southern Oregon and northern California from 1872 to 1873.

127 solar years ago, on this day in 1893 AD, Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown by a group of US businessmen and sugar planters who forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. She was the last reigning queen of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean, having ascended the throne in 1891 upon the death of her brother, King Kalakaua. In 1895, following her failed attempt to regain the throne, she was forced to renounce her royal status and shipped to the US, where her petition to seek compensation for the loss of her property was rejected by the expansionist US regime. Hawaii became US territory against the wishes of the Hawaiian people, and in 1959 was declared as the 50th state.

87 solar years ago, on this day in 1933 AD, Sadr od-Din Agha Khan, the diplomat and art collector of Iranian origin was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France to a French mother. The second son of the self-styled Imam of the Ismaili Nizari sect, Sultan Shah Mohammad Agha Khan, whose own mother was a granddaughter of Fath Ali Shah the Qajarid king of Iran, Sadr od-Din described Iran as the cradle of his family, though he never lived in Iran. He held French, Iranian, and Swiss citizenship, and was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, while also speaking some Persian and Arabic. He travelled widely with his father, and started a long international diplomatic career by joining the UNESCO and retiring as Chief of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). His bid for election to the UN Secretary General’s post was thwarted by the US, because in his trips to Iran and Iraq during the 8-year imposed war, for finding solution to the issue of war refugees, he had become greatly impressed by the dynamic personality of the Father of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA). He died of cancer in Boston, USA, on 12 May 2003, and his body was conveyed to Switzerland, as per his wish, and buried with full diplomatic honours. Sadr od-Din assembled one of the finest private collections of Islamic art in the world, including a priceless collection of paintings, drawings, manuscripts and miniatures. His collection is vast and diverse, and includes Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Indian pieces dating from the 10th century onwards. An example is a Qur’anic page of North African origin written with gold lettering in the Kufic script – it is more than 1,000 years old. His full collection is to be housed at a new museum being built by his nephew, Karim Agha Khan, in Toronto, Canada.

78 solar years ago, on this day in 1942 AD, the famous world heavyweight boxing champion, Muhammad Ali, was born into an Afro-American family Louisville, Kentucky, and was named Cassius Clay. He grew up amid racial segregation to the extent that once he was he was denied water to a drink at a general store. He took to boxing and won a light heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Olympics in Rome. He soon became a professional boxer, and influenced by the nation of Islam movement became a Muslim and changed his name to Muhammad Ali. He became a crowd puller on the international stage through his string of success. He remains the only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion; he won the title in 1964, 1974, and 1978. He was illegally stripped of his title under pressure from the US regime for refusing to be inducted into the army during the unjust American war in Vietnam. He openly said the Vietnamese had done nothing against him or the other American people, and Islam forbids Muslims from getting involved in unnecessary wars and bloodshed. His actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon worldwide. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century. Muhammad Ali died in 2016 at the age of 74 in Scottsdale, Arizona and was buried at the Cave Hill Cemetery, in his hometown Louisville, Kentucky.

76 solar years ago, on this day in 1944 AD, World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties.

64 solar years ago, on this day in 1956 AD, the combatant Iranian religious scholar, Hojjat ol-Islam, Seyyed Mohammad Nawwab Safavi, and his three companions, were sentenced to death by a military court of the Shah's hated regime, and attained martyrdom. A product of the famous Seminary of holy Najaf in Iraq, on his return to Iran, he assumed leadership of the Fedaiyaan-e Islam group, and started his activities for social reforms by opposing the heinous crimes of the British-installed and American-backed Shah’s regime. He was close to the future Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA), and established contacts between Iranian Islamic revolutionaries and the Ikhawan al-Muslimin (Muslim Brotherhood) of Egypt. His three companions who also attained martyrdom this day were Tahmasbi, Zolqadr, and Vahedi. Nawwab Safavi was only 31-year old at the time of his martyrdom.

59 solar years ago, on this day in 1961AD, Patrice Lumumba, Congo’s independence leader against Belgian colonial rule and the 1st premier of the Republic of Congo, was murdered after 67 days in office at the age of 36. His assassination was ordered by US President Dwight Eisenhower, who backed the military rebellion in Katanga Province and had him dismissed from his post by the Congo president, Joseph Mobuto. CIA Deputy Director, Sidney Gottlieb personally carried some deadly bacteria to Congo that was used to kill Lamumba, after he was tortured by US and Belgian agents for his independent policies. In 2000 the Belgium Parliament opened an inquiry into possible government involvement in the killing of Lumumba. The inquiry found that King Baudouin of Belgium knew of the plot but did nothing to stop it. Lumumba has left behind several books including “Congo My Country”.

29 solar years ago, on this day in 1991 AD, a so-called multinational force, led by the US, launched operation 'Desert Storm' to dislodge Saddam's army from Kuwait, which the Ba'thists had occupied on August 2, 1990. It was actually the US that had given green light to Saddam to occupy Kuwait, and then assembled a coalition against him to drive his forces by manipulating the UN Security Council. Saddam's forces quickly fled Kuwait, and when the people of Iraq rose against his repressive minority regime, the US stopped the war, and permitted Saddam to mercilessly slaughter hundreds of thousands of Shi'ite Muslims, even desecrating the holy shrines in Karbala, of Imam Husain (AS) and Hazrat Abbas (AS). Saddam was assisted in his crimes against Iraq's Shi'ite Arab majority and the ethnic Kurds of the north, by the MKO terrorist outfit, which with US and West European support has a bloody record of martyring several senior Iranian officials, as well as thousands of ordinary citizens.

11 solar years ago, on this day in 2009 AD, the illegal Zionist entity, Israel, was forced to halt its 22-day holocaust on the besieged Palestinian people of the Gaza Strip, thus failing to overthrow the elected Hamas-led government. Over 1,400 Palestinian men, women, and children, were martyred and almost 5,500 others sustained injuries in this holocaust, which inflicted a damage of at least 2 billion dollars on the infrastructure. The despicable crimes of the Zionist army forced the UN to launch an investigation, and its well-documented report, called the Zionist ringleaders war criminals. The report was approved by the UN Human Rights Council and the UN General Assembly, but because of US support, the Zionist entity unabashedly continues its crimes against humanity, including the illegal economic siege of Gaza.

AS/SS