Today is Sunday; 10th of the Iranian month of Shahrivar 1398 solar hijri; corresponding to 1st of the Islamic month of Muharram 1441 lunar hijri; and September 1, 2019, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

Several thousand years ago, on this day, Prophet Idris was raised to the heavens on completion of his mission to restore monotheism to mankind after people had deviated from the worship of the One and Only God, and taken to weird forms of polytheism including fire-worship. His name was Anoukh (Enoch in the Bible) and he is believed to be 7th in line of descent from the Father of the human race, Adam. The reason he was called Idris is because of possessing great wisdom and knowledge, which he used to teach others. According to exegesis he taught to mankind the art of weaving cloth and sewing garments, since in those days people used to wear animal skins. He was the first to invent writing and use the pen, as well as being the first to record and measure the movement of the stars and set up scientific weights and measures. He was the great-grandfather of Prophet Noah and his house was the Sahla Mosque that lies outside the city of Kufa in Iraq. Idris is often called the "Prophet of the Philosophers" and several works are attributed to him. He built many cities including monuments in western Egypt. Interestingly, the Sahla Mosque will be the home of Imam Mahdi (AS), the 12th and Last Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) who will establish the global government of peace, prosperity and justice.

1447 lunar years ago, on this day, in the 6th year before Hijra, the pagan Arab leaders of Mecca, fearful of the spread of the monotheistic liberating creed of Islam, signed an accord to impose economic-social sanctions on Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), thereby banning all trade ties and any relations with the fledgling Muslim community. The Prophet's uncle and guardian, Abu Taleb (AS) took the Muslims under his care and retired to a gorge outside Mecca which still bears his name as Sh'eb Abi Taleb. During this 3-year period, the Muslims suffered acute hardships, and in order to ease their economic plight, the Prophet's wife, Omm al-Momineen Khadija (SA), spent all her vast wealth on their basic needs, to the extent that she passed away in poverty for the sake of Islam. It was the duty of the Prophet's young cousin and ward, Imam Ali (AS) to procure grains for the besieged Muslims by risking his life and limbs. As the sanctions and boycott failed to have their effect, the frustrated Arab pagans lifted the siege three years later, and when they unlocked the box containing the accord, they were surprised to see that all its contents, except the Name of God, had been eaten by termites. Sadly, just before the lifting of the siege and sanctions, the Prophet became a widower as his one and only wife of twenty-five long years, the Mother of all True Believers, Hazrat Khadija (SA) passed away, leaving as orphan her young daughter, Hazrat Fatema Zahra (SA).

1421 lunar years ago, on this day in 20 AH, the ancient land of Egypt was liberated by Muslim forces from the oppressive rule of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire. The Egyptian people welcomed the Muslims as liberators, and most of them by renouncing Christianity, accepted Islam.

1360 lunar years ago, on this day in 81 AH, Mohammad al-Hanafiyya passed away at the age of 66. He was a son of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali (AS), while his mother was Khowla, whom the Imam had married a couple of years after the martyrdom of his beloved wife, the Prophet's daughter, Hazrat Fatema Zahra (SA). Known for his piety, courage and rectitude; during his father's caliphate he was one of the four chief lieutenants, and distinguished himself in the Battles of Jamal and Siffin. Due to ill health he did not accompany his brother, the Prophet’s younger grandson, Imam Husain (AS), to Karbala, and after the tragedy, he was considered head of the House of Imam Ali (AS), since his nephew Imam Zain al-Abedin (AS) preferred to keep a low profile. It was in Mohammad al-Hanafiyya's name that Mukhtar Ibn Abu Obaida launched the uprising in Kufa to avenge the martyrdom of Imam Husain (AS).

1302 solar years ago, on this day in 717 AD, the siege of Constantinople, capital of Byzantine or the Eastern Roman Empire, by the Omayyad regime with an armada of 1,800 ships ended in defeat because of deceit by General Leo the Isaurian, who after rising up against Emperor Theodosios III, tricked the Muslims and secured the throne for himself. The campaign marked culmination of twenty years of attacks and gradual Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands.  

874 solar years ago, on this day in 1145 AD, the Spanish Muslim geographer, traveler and Arabic poet, Abu’l-Hussain Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubayr al-Kinaani was born in Valencia. Son of a civil servant, he served as secretary to the governor of Granada (Gharnata in Arabic). In 1183 he went on Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and returned to Muslim Spain in 1185. He has written a lively account of his journey, titled “ar-Rihlah” (translated into English by R.J.C. Broadhurst as The Travels of Ibn Jubayr). It is a valuable source for the history of the period, containing descriptions of voyages across the Mediterranean and of the lands he passed through. In describing Cairo, he has given an account of the seizure of Egypt ten years earlier from the Fatemid Ismaili Shi’ite Muslim dynasty by the Kurdish adventurer, Salah od-Din Ayyubi, and the Muslim victories in the Levant over the European Crusader invaders. On his return journey to Spain, Ibn Jubayr passed through Sicily, which a century earlier had been lost by Muslims to the Christian invaders, and makes several observations on the hybrid Islamic-Norman polyglot culture that flourished there. He has given eyewitness accounts of the Red Sea port of Jeddah, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and of Iraq and Baghdad which he also visited. He made two more voyages, with the third ending with his death in 1217 in Alexandria, Egypt, at the age of 72.

845 solar years ago, on this day in 1174 AD, the construction of the Pisa Tower started in the Italian city of Pisa. Soon after start of construction operations, the 55-meter tower tilted almost five meters from the vertical line. Currently, with the efforts of experts and engineers of different countries, the increasing tilt every year of the Leaning Tower of Pisa has been slightly reduced.

809 lunar years ago, on this day in 632 AH, the Iranian Shafei mystic, Shehab od-Din Omar Ibn Mohammad Suhravardi, passed away. Born in the village of Suhravard, near Zanjan, 300 km northwest of Tehran, in a family that traced its descent to Martyr Mohammad Ibn Abu Bakr – an adopted son and governor of Egypt of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (AS) – he expanded the Suhravardiyya Sufi order founded by his paternal uncle, Abu Najib Suhravardi. He wrote the mystical work, “Awaref al-Ma’aref” (Gifts of Deep Knowledge) and among his disciples was the famous Iranian poet, Shaikh Sa’di Shirazi. It is worth noting that Qamar od-Din Khan Asef Jah Nizam ul-Mulk the Founder of the Asef Jahi Dynasty of Haiderabad-Deccan in India, was a direct descendent of Shehab od-Din Suhravardi the Mystic – not be confused with his namesake, compatriot and contemporary, the philosopher of the Illuminationist School.

537 solar years ago, on this day in 1482 AD, a Tartar Muslim army of the Crimean Khanate, led by Mengli Giray Khan, attacked Kiev, the Ukrainian capital and sacked it on instigation of Duke Ivan III of Moscow. The invasion was the result of shifting alliances that brought about a period of Muscovite-Crimean cooperation against the disintegrating Golden Horde and Poland-Lithuania. This cooperation lasted from 1472 to 1511, and is seen by Russian historians as a great diplomatic achievement by Duke Ivan who sent seven diplomatic missions to Mengli Giray Khan from 1472 to 1482 for the attack and sack of Kiev. Mengli who ruled till 1515 was the maternal grandfather of Sultan Suleyman of the Ottoman Empire – his daughter having married Sultan Selim I. Mengli’s son and successor, Mohammad Giray Khan allied with Poland and Lithuania in 1520 against Muscovy, and the next year his Muslim army inflicted a crushing defeat on Duke Vasili III of Russia near Moscow, making him sue for peace. Established in 1449 by Tatar Muslims in what are now southern Ukraine, southern Russia and Moldova, the Khanate of Crimea ruled the area for over three centuries untill it fell to Russian expansionism in 1783. It was closely allied to the Ottoman Empire and became its vassal state in its last century of rule. The Crimean Khanate established a flourishing Islamic culture, used the Perso-Arabic script, and built splendid mosques, bazaars, public baths, fountains, palaces, and libraries, which were criminally destroyed by the Russians who removed all traces of Muslim culture.  

448 solar years ago, on this day in 1571 AD, Famagusta on the island of Cyprus, surrendered to Mustafa Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman forces after nearly a year-long siege. With its surrender by its Venetian occupiers, Cyprus was once again brought under Muslim rule, several centuries after the end of Arab rule. It was leased to the British in 1878 on condition of protecting the decaying Turkish Empire from Russian attacks. In 1923, when the Ottomans were pressured to give up all of their European territories, except Istanbul, Britain forced the truncated state of Turkey to relinquish all claims to Cyprus, and in 1925 declared it as a crown colony. In 1960, Cyprus gained independence from British rule as per the Zürich-London Agreement between Britain, Greece and Turkey, with quotas on ethnic basis for government posts and public offices, which were violated by the Greek majority. The division of the island occurred in 1974 following the massacre of over 125 Muslims in Cyprus and the plot to merge it with Greece, prompting Turkey to dispatch troops to seize Famagusta and the northern part of the island, which since then is known as the Turkish Democratic Republic of Cyprus.

430 lunar years ago, on this day in 1011 AH, Shaikh Hassan Ibn Zain od-Din, passed away at the age of 52 in his homeland Lebanon. Son of the famous “Shaheed Thani” (Second Martyr), he was a product of the Najaf Seminary in Iraq. He wrote the famous book “Ma’alem al-Usoul”. In Lebanon he groomed numerous students.

139 solar years ago, on this day in 1880 AD, the army of Mohammad Ayub Khan was routed by the British at the Battle of Qandahar, ending the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

96 solar years ago, on this day in 1923 AD, the Great Kanto earthquake devastated Tokyo and Yokohama, killing about 105,000 people.

88 solar years ago, on this day in 1931 AD, Indian Islamic scholar, Dr. Mohammad Abdul Haq Ansari, was born in Tamkohi in Deoaria district of what is now Uttar Pradesh State. He completed Islamic studies from Darsgah-e Islami, Rampur in 1953, did bachelors in Arabic in 1957, M.A. in philosophy in 1959, PhD in 1962 from Aligarh Muslim University, and M.T.S in Comparative Religion and Theology from Harvard University, USA in 1972. Ansari served as Professor and Head of the Department of Arabic, Persian and Islamic Studies, Vishwa Bharti University, Shantiniketan, Bengal State from 1965 to 1978. He was the president of Jamaat-e-Islami-e Hind (JIH) from 2003 to 2007. He was also the Chancellor of Jamia Islamia, Shantapuram, Kerala. His book “Learning the Language of Qur’an” is considered as one of the best English guides for the beginners of Qur'anic studies. Among his works, before he taught at universities in Saudi Arabia, are well-researched books on two of the Iranian philosophers, titled “The Ethical Philosophy of Miskawaih” (1964), and “The Moral Philosophy of al-Farabi” (1965). He died in October 2012.

80 solar years ago, on this day in 1939 AD, World War 2 broke out following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. The goal of Nazi leader, Adolph Hitler, was to avenge the humiliating terms imposed on Germany by the Allied Powers at the end of World War I. In a short while, Germany occupied a large section of Europe and parts of North Africa. Meanwhile, the two other allies of Germany in World War II, Italy and Japan also occupied other regions in Africa and Asia respectively. In early 1943, however, the tide turned against the German forces following their failure to overcome stiff Soviet resistance in Stalingrad (which is now called Volgograd). Finally on May 1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally. Almost 40 million people were killed and billions of dollars worth of damages inflicted on different countries during World War II.

58 solar years ago, on this day in 1961 AD, the first Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit was held in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, attended by senior officials of 25 countries. The NAM was formed to help independent countries pursue a neutral stance during the Cold War, without being aligned to the then two power blocs of the Capitalist West and Communist East. The founding fathers were President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, President Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia, President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, President Jamal Abdun-Nasser of Egypt, and Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru of India – all of whom believed in struggle against colonialism. Differences of opinion in different domains continue to exist among NAM member states and for this reason the Non-Aligned Movement has not been able to form a powerful front in the face of the big expansionist powers, despite having a two-third majority among UN member states. The last NAM Summit was hosted by current chairman, Iran, in 2012 during the tenure of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, with 120 member countries in attendance in what is viewed as a slap to the US attempts to isolate Iran.

57 solar years ago, on this day in 1962, a massive 7.1 degree earthquake in Iran devastated the district of Boen Zahra, near Qazvin, resulting in 12,225 fatalities.

54 solar years ago, on this day in 1965 AD, Iran established the committee for peaceful use of atomic energy, 9 years after the Majlis had passed a bill for setting up an atomic energy centre at Tehran University that started its activities in 1966 under supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), following purchase of a 5-megawat research reactor from the US. In 1973, the Iran Atomic Energy Organisation (IAEO) was set up and reached agreement with Germany and France for building two 1,000-megawat nuclear reactors in Bushehr on the Persian Gulf and guaranteeing fuel supply for producing electricity. In 1975, on Sweden’s withdrawal from the EURODIF uranium enrichment consortium (other members being France, Belgium, Italy, and Spain), its 10 per cent share was transferred to Iran. Iran and the French subsidiary “COGEMA” established the “SOFIDIF” (Societe Franco–Iranienne pour l'enrichissement de l'uranium par diffusion gazeuse) with 60 per cent and 40 per cent shares, respectively. In turn, SOFIDIF acquired a 25 per cent share in EURODIF, through which Iran attained its 10 per cent share of this consortium. The Franco-Iranian consortium shareholder still owns 25% of EURODIF – illegally blocked by the US and West European regimes after victory of the Islamic Revolution. In 1975, Germany’s Kraftwerk Union AG, a joint venture of Siemens AG and AEG Telefunken, signed a contract worth US$4–6 billion to build the pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. The work was begun in the same year. The two 1,196 MWe reactors, subcontracted to ThyssenKrupp AG, were based on the Convoy Design and identical with the second reactor unit of the German Biblis Nuclear Power Plant. The first reactor was to be finished by 1980 and the second by 1981. Kraftwerk, however, breached its contract and withdrew from the Bushehr Nuclear Project in July 1979, following the victory of the Islamic Revolution in February, with one reactor 50% complete, and the other reactor 85% complete. With Germany and France refusing to honour their commitments to Iran under US pressure, the Islamic Republic signed a contract with Russia for completion of the Bushehr Project, which became fully operative in August 2012 after years of obstructionism and politicization of a purely technical issue for peaceful use of nuclear energy. In July 2015 the grudging acknowledgement of Iran’s inalienable right to enrich uranium for peaceful purpose by the 5+1 Group, was the result of the Islamic Republic’s refusal to yield to US lawlessness and to succeed in enriching uranium to 20 percent purity.   

50 solar years ago, on this day in 1969 AD, Colonel Mu’ammar Qadhafi seized power in Libya through a military coup, while King Mohammad Idris was in Turkey for medical treatment. For the next 42 years until his downfall and killing in August 2011, Qadhafi, was in power in Libya through his covert ties with the US and Western Europe, although he claimed to be revolutionary and followed the socialist policies of the Soviet Union. He treated oil-rich Libya as his personal property and through his eccentric policies tarnished the image of Islam, especially by his brutal killing of the venerable Iranian-Lebanese religious leader, Imam Musa Sadr, who was invited to Tripoli and then imprisoned and tortured to death, while Qadhafi lied to the whole world that Imam Sadr had left Libya.

46 lunar years ago, on this day in 1395 AH, Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Hassan Rafi’i Qazvini, passed away at the age of 85 in his hometown Qazvin and was laid to rest in Qom in the mausoleum of Hazrat Ma’souma (SA). A student of Grand Ayatollah Abdul-Karim Ha’eri, the Reviver of the Qom Seminary, he was in turn the teacher of such famous figures as Ayatollah Mahdavi Kani, Ayatollah Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli and the Father of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA). He belonged to a family with a long line of Mujtaheds and Gnostic ancestors. In the last thirty years of his life, he settled in his hometown and revived the Qazvin seminary.

41 lunar years ago, on this day in 1400 AH, some 300 men, led by Juhaiman al-Otaiba seized Islam's holiest site, the Masjid al-Haraam or Sacred Mosque that houses the holy Ka'ba in Mecca, as part of their uprising against the British-created Saudi regime. The Wahhabi minority regime refused to listen to the demands for reforms by the group and after besieging them for two weeks in the Masjid al-Haraam it sacrilegiously stormed this holiest site with the assistance of non-Muslim French troops, resulting in a great bloodbath around the holy Ka'ba. At least 244 people were massacred. The captured were never brought before public or given a fair trial. Over a year-and-a-half later, 36 more people were beheaded by the Saudi regime.

36 lunar years ago, on this day in 1405 AH, Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Abdullah Musavi Shirazi, passed away in holy Mashhad at the age of 92 and was laid to rest in the mausoleum of Imam Reza (AS), the 8^th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). Born in Shiraz, he was 15 years old when he accompanied his father, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Tahir Shirazi, into banishment to remote areas for opposing the Qajarid dynasty’s subservience to British colonial rule. In 1914, Abdullah Shirazi went to Iraq to study advanced jurisprudence at the seminary of holy Najaf, under Ayatollah Mirza Mohammad Hussain Na’eni. On his return to Iran, he became active against the anti-Islamic rule of Reza Khan Pahlavi, and following the Gowharshad Mosque protests of 1935 against the forcible unveiling of women, he was sentenced to 4 years in prison. After his release, he went back to Najaf, and soon became one of the leading Marja or Source of Emulation. In 1975, he returned to Iran and joined the movement of the Father of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA) against Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, until the regime was overthrown in 1979. He was socially active, both inside and outside Iran, and wrote several books, such as “Umdat-il Wasa'il fil Hashiyat ila ar-Rasa'il” (on writings of Shaikh Morteza Ansari, in 4 volumes); “Azahat ush-Shubahat fi Hukm il-Afaaq al-Muttahidah wa’l Mottafiqah” (Jurisprudential Rules on Observation of the Moon for Calculations of the Solar Calendar); “At-Tuhfat ol-Kadhimiyah fi Qatl al-Hayawanat bil-Alaat al-Kahruba'iyah” (Jurisprudential Rules concerning Slaughtering of Farm Animals with Electric Devices); “Al-Ihtejajaat al-Ashra” (Discussion on the Sunni-Shi'a Debate – translated into Persian, English, Urdu, and Gujarati, and published several times); and “Imam wa Imamat” (in Persian on the topic of Imamate in Islam). Ayatollah Abdullah Shirazi founded over 180 institutes, including hospitals, schools, and libraries in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Pakistan, India, and African countries.

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