Today is Tuesday; 5th of the Iranian month of Ordibehesht 1396 solar hijri; corresponding to 27th of the Islamic month of Rajab 1438 lunar hijri; and April 25, 2017, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

2421 solar years ago, on this day in 404 BC, the armies of the Greek state of Sparta and its allies, led by General Lysander, decisively defeated the Athenians, thus ending the 27-year long Peloponnesian War against Athens that had gradually grown into an empire following the Iranian withdrawal from southwestern Europe. Lysander, an artful diplomat, who had cultivated good personal relationships with the Persian prince Cyrus, the son of Darius II, completely outwitted Athens and its allies, who facing starvation and disease from the prolonged siege, surrendered. The defeat stripped Athens of its walls, its fleet, and all of its overseas possessions. The nearly fifty years that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC had seen the emergence of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean Sea. Its empire began as a small group of city-states, called the Delian League – from the island of Delos. After the withdrawal of Iran from Greece in 480 BC, Athens led a coalition of Greek city-states that continued to attack Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia. Soon Athens proceeded to conquer all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies – known as the Peloponnesian League that completely shattered Athenian power.

1451 lunar years ago, on this day in the year 13 prior to the Hijra, God formally commanded the 40-year old Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) to announce his mission to mankind as the Last and Universal Messenger of Islam. This historic event occurred at Cave Hera on Mount Noor on the outskirts of Mecca with the descent of Archangel Gabriel with the initial verses of the holy Qur’an, the scripture, which would gradually be revealed over the next 23 years as the finest and most perfect code of life for humanity. Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), who was known to the pre-Islamic society as an impeccable person of flawless character, hailed as “Sadeq” (Truthful), and “Amin” (Trustworthy), first and foremost invited his near relatives to inform them of God’s commandment. At this gathering which is known as Zu’l-Ashira, when the Prophet proclaimed “Ash-hado an la ilaha il-Allah”, which means “I testify there is no god but Allah”, his still pre-teen cousin, Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) who was present on Mount Noor on the day of entrusting of the Divine Mission, stood up said: “Ash-hado anna Mohammadan Rasoul-Allah,” which means “I testify Mohammad is the Messenger of Allah”. This day is thus known as Mab’ath which means Resurgence of monotheism and all humanitarian values.

1242 solar years ago, on this day in 775 AD, the Battle of Bagrevand resulted in the decisive crushing of the year-long Armenian rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, thanks to an elite force of 30,000 Iranians from Khorasan under Amir ibn Isma’il, following the failure of the Arab governor Hassan ibn Qahtaba to pacify the situation. As a result, Muslim control over Transcaucasia was solidified, while several major Armenian families lost power and fled to the Byzantine Empire.

971 lunar years ago, on this day in 467 AH, the prominent Iranian Sunni Mu’tazalite theologian and exegete of the Holy Qur’an, Abu’l-Qasim Mahmoud Zamakhshari, was born in Zamakhshar, Khwarezm. He lived most of his life in Bukhara, Samarqand, and Baghdad, and because of his long stay in Mecca near the Sacred Mosque that houses the holy Ka’ba, he was known as “Jar-Allah” (God's Neighbour). He was a prolific writer in both Persian and Arabic, and is best known for “al-Kashshaaf”, a seminal commentary on the Qur'an, famous for its deep linguistic analysis of the ayahs, and which takes note of God’s revelation regarding the unsurpassed merits of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). His other works include “Asaas al-Balaghah” on Arabic literature, “Moqaddamat-al-Adab” – an Arabic-Persian lexicon – and the voluminous “Rabi al-Abraar”, in which among other interesting information, he has exposed the doubtful parentage of Mu’awiyyah the founder of the usurper Omayyad dynasty. Zamakhshari passed away in 538 AH.

855 lunar years ago, on this day in 583 AH, Muslims liberated Bayt al-Moqaddas from almost 90 years of occupation by the European crusader invaders who had established the usurper Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine. The Muslims were led by the Kurdish ruler, Salah od-Din Ayyoubi, who commanded a united army of Kurds, Turks, Arabs and Iranians. It was Friday when Bayt al-Moqaddas surrendered and the triumphant Muslim forces performed the Prayer at al-Aqsa Mosque. The Christian occupiers, in contrast to their brutal massacre of 70,000 Muslim men, women and children when they had seized this Islamic holy city from the Fatemid Ismaili Shi’ite Dynasty of Egypt some 9 decades ago, were given fair treatment and allowed to board ships back to their original homelands in Europe. The news of liberation of liberation rejoiced the Muslim World from North Africa to Central Asia.

803 solar years ago, on this day in 1214 AD, Louis IX of France was born. He has earned lasting notoriety for his enmity towards Islam and invasion of Egypt, as part of the 7^th crusade, in league with the Buddhist Mongols, who were ravaging Iran and the Muslim World from the east. In 1249, he occupied Damietta and advanced towards Cairo via the Nile Delta. After initial success against the tottering Ayyubid dynasty, he was decisively defeated by the Mamluk-led resurgent Muslim forces at the Battle of Fareskur in 1250, losing 30,000 French and other European soldiers. While trying to flee, he was captured along with his brothers, Charles d’Anjou and Alphonse de Poitiers, and confined in the house of Ibrahim Ibn Loqman, under the care of the eunuch, Sobih. Louis IX was ransomed for 400,000 dinars – a third of France’s total annual revenues those days. After pledging not to return to Egypt, the French king surrendered Damietta and left with his brothers and 12,000 war prisoners whom the Egyptian Muslims agreed to release. The Battle became a source of inspiration for Muslim writers and poets. One poem ended with the following verses:

“If they (the Franks) decide to return to take revenge or to commit a wicked deed, tell them:

“The house of Ibn Loqman is intact, the chains still there as well as the eunuch Sobih".

Louis IX, as an avowed enemy of Islam and Muslims, mobilised the 8^th Crusade and in 1270 invaded Tunis along with his brother, Charles of Anjou, and Prince Edward of England, to use it as a base for attacking other Muslim lands, and Palestine if possible. However, disease and dysentery broke out in the camps of the Christians, and many died including the French king himself on 25 August, thereby aborting the Crusade.

590 lunar years ago, on this day in 848 AH, Ottoman Sultan Murad II won a decisive victory at the Battle of Varna in eastern Bulgaria over the joint Bulgarian, Hungarian and Polish armies under King Władysław III of Poland, who lost his life in the encounter in which the Turks captured some 80 thousand prisoners. This was one of the most important events in European history and established Muslim rule over a large part of southeastern Europe.

427 solar years ago, on this day in 1590 AD, the Sultan of Morocco launched his successful attack to capture Timbuktu. Morocco sent 4,000 soldiers under the Spanish Muslim general, Judar Pasha, to conquer Songhai. After a five month journey across the Shara, Pasha arrived with only 1,000 men, but his soldiers carried guns. The 25,000 men of the Songhai were no match for the guns and Gao, Timbuktu and most of Songhai fall.

298 solar years ago, on this day in 1719 AD, British author and spy, Daniel Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe" was published in London. The character of “Crusoe” was partly based on the story of Alexander Selkirk (1676-1721), a Scotsman who spent four years stranded in the Juan Fernandez Islands – the island Selkirk lived on was named Mas-a-Tierra [Closer to Land] at the time and was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966. Defoe’s novel was also inspired by the Latin/English translation of the book “Hayy ibn Yaqdhan” by the Spanish Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who drew the name of the tale and most of its characters from an earlier work by the Iranian Islamic multi-sided genius, Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna).

273 solar years ago, on this day in 1744 AD, Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius, died at the age of 43. He is famous for the temperature scale he developed. Celsius was born in Uppsala where he succeeded his father as professor of astronomy in 1730. It was there also that he built Sweden's first observatory in 1741. He and his assistant Olof Hiortner discovered that aurora borealis influence compass needles. Celsius' fixed scale (often called centigrade scale) for measuring temperature defines zero degrees as the temperature at which water freezes, and 100 degrees as the temperature at which water boils. This scale, an inverted form of Celsius' original design, was adopted as the standard and is still used in almost all scientific work.

158 solar years ago, on this day in 1859 AD, ground was broken for the Suez Canal in Egypt. The first blow of the pickaxe was given by Ferdinand Vicomte de Lesseps at Port Sa’id. It was built to link the Mediterranean and the Red seas, and opened on 17^th November 1869, thus materializing the age-old dreams of the Pharaohs, Emperor Darius I of the Persian Empire, the Fatemids, the Mamluks, and the Ottomans.

136 solar years ago, on this day in 1881 AD, 250,000 Germans petitioned to bar foreign Jews from entering Germany because of their treason against Prophet Jesus and the slandering of his Virgin Mother, Mary, in addition to their fleecing of Christians of money through usury.

144 solar years ago, on this day in 1874 AD, Italian electrical engineer, Marchese Guglielmo Marconi, who invented the wireless telegraph (in 1935), known today as radio, was born. In 1894, he began experimenting on the “Hertzian Waves” – the radio waves Heinrich Hertz had first produced in his laboratory a few years earlier. Lacking support from the Italian Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, he turned to the British Post Office. Encouraging demonstrations in London and on Salisbury Plain followed. Marconi obtained the world's first patent for a system of wireless telegraphy in 1897, and opened the world's first radio factory at Chelmsford, England in 1898. In 1909 he became a Nobel laureate.

119 solar years ago, on this in 1898 AD, the US declared war on Spain by deceitfully blowing up its own ship “Maine” in the Havana harbor of Spanish ruled Cuba. The war lasted four years during which the US occupied the Spanish possessions of Cuba, Philippines and Guam Island.

102 solar years ago, on this day in 1915 AD, during World War I, the Battle of Gallipoli began when the Peninsula of the same name in Turkey was invaded by a joint force of British, French, Australian, and New Zealand troops. The aim was to capture the Ottoman capital, Istanbul, but ended in a major failure for the Allied forces who withdrew on 9 January 1916. The campaign was one of the greatest Ottoman victories during World War I. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation's history.

45 solar years ago, on this day in 1971 AD, as part of public protests in the US against the war in Vietnam, over 200,000 Americans staged anti-war demonstrations in Washington against the administration’s military policies. The US which invaded Vietnam in 1964, deployed as many as 500,000 troops, of which a tenth, that is, 50,000 were killed and tens of thousands of others wounded. In 1975 was forced to withdraw its troops, having failed to break the resolve of the Vietnamese people, despite its brutal tactics, including use of internationally-banned chemical weapons.

43 solar years ago, on this day in 1974 AD, a leftist military coup known as the Carnation Revolution, overthrew the fascist Estado Novo regime of Portugal. Marshal Antonio de Spinola was named head of state by a 7-member military junta. The Portugal changed from an authoritarian dictatorship to a democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso), characterized by power dispute between left and right wing parties.

37 solar years ago, on this day in 1980 AD, the stealth US military attack on Iran with a number of choppers and planes, floundered in the sands of Tabas in the northeastern parts of the country in the dead of night, as desert sands miraculously swirled to blind and confuse the pilots, resulting in confusion and collision amongst the US aircraft. Soon there were huge flames all around as aircraft were reduced to ashes and American soldiers turned into charred bodies, without the Muslim nation of Iran knowing what was really happening. It was indeed heavenly help for the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the panicked Americans fled the country leaving behind burned machines and dead bodies. The well-rehearsed invasion shattered President Jimmy Carter’s plan for re-election by freeing the American spies being held in the Den of Spies in Tehran, as the American embassy had become. On the humiliating military failure of the US, the Father of Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA) noted now that the Great Satan conducted an absurd act, and the courageous Iranian nation should get prepared for a confrontation with the foes with reliance upon God’s Infinite Power.

22 solar years ago, on this day in 1994 AD, two Catholic Hutu Sisters in Rwanda ordered some 600 frightened Tutsis out of their Benedictine compound into the hands of Hutu soldiers, who promptly massacred them. In 1997 Sister Gertrude (Consolata Mukangango) and Sister Maria Kisito (Juliene Makubutera), having escaped to Belgium, were put on trial on the basis of eyewitness accounts. In 2001 they were convicted, and let off with light sentences, despite their complicity in mass murder. Gertrude was sentenced to 15 years in prison and Kisito to 12 years.

4 solar years ago, on this day in 2013 AD, Iranian novelist and prominent literary figure, Amir Hussain Fardi, who for 31 long years was chief-editor of the children’s magazine “Kayhan-e Bachaha”, passed away at the age of 64. Born in Ardabil, he was active during the Islamic Revolution, and took major steps in promotion of the Literature of the Islamic Revolution, as well as grooming of talented writers. His works include “Nest in the Fog” and “Imam Khomeini”.

AS/SS