Arms control provides the only path to peace

The last decade ended with two major threats to humanity: global warming leading to a climate catastrophe and the threat of a nuclear war extinguishing the civilization.

The US has pulled out of the Paris Agreement and is wrecker-in-chief of the weak climate-change agreement that all the countries had signed to limit the emission of greenhouse gases. It is also leading the charge for a nuclear Armageddon, dismantling all nuclear-arms-control treaties.

Expectedly, there has been a Russian response, but not by matching the US efforts but by asymmetric measures designed to defeat the US attempts of gaining nuclear dominance. Such an asymmetric response does not reduce the threat of a nuclear exchange but only ensures that there will be no winner in such a nuclear war.

The following is an article which appeared on the Asia Times website, titled, “Arms control provides the only path to peace”. This article has been written by Indian journalist, Prabir Purkayastha. The author is also the founder and editor-in-chief of Newsclick. He is the president of the Free Software Movement of India.

There were three nuclear-arms-control treaties that were reached between the US and Russia in the 1970s and 1980s, all of which were based on the understanding that nuclear war was not winnable; each side had enough weapons to destroy not only each other but also the entire globe. They were the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, and the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, which metamorphosed into the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).

All these treaties were based on what is called mutually assured destruction (MAD) doctrine, that if each side had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the other after receiving a first strike, there would be a balance of terror and therefore less likelihood of a nuclear war. Two of them – the ABM Treaty and the INF Treaty – have been formally abandoned by the US, while the fate of the third, START, which expires in 2021, hangs in balance.

To add to nuclear dangers, India and Pakistan have stepped up the rhetoric of war, with India withdrawing from its no-first-use policy. A nuclear exchange in South Asia would have global consequences including a nuclear winter.

The US actions stem from a strategic view that nuclear weapons are like just any other weapon, only bigger, and not that they have qualitatively changed war into an option that surely would – not could – destroy all civilization, and perhaps human life itself. While MAD looks indeed mad compared with nuclear disarmament, it is certainly preferable to a view of winnable nuclear wars.

Summarizing the Donald Trump administration’s 2018 Nuclear Posture Review first-strike policy, The Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel writes in The Washington Post:

“The United States is building a new generation of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, will deploy more usable nuclear weapons in ‘forward’ areas, remains committed to possible ‘first use’ of nuclear weapons even against non-nuclear attacks in defense of 30 countries, retains missiles on active alert ready to launch, is skeptical of the possibility of any progress in arms control and is hostile to the global movement to make nuclear weapons illegal.”

This is not a defensive, but an offensive vision of enhancing first-strike capabilities and a winnable nuclear war. This vision is also a part of the document titled “Nuclear Operations” dated June 11, 2019, drafted by the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States. It was published and then hurriedly withdrawn from the US government’s websites, and is now only available from the Federation of American Scientists website.

Developing first-strike capabilities must be seen along with the US withdrawal under George W Bush from the ABM Treaty in 2002, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s 25-year march to Russia’s borders, in spite of explicit assurances to the contrary given by the US and other NATO leaders. While the withdrawal by itself does not change the balance of nuclear terror, the intention was clear: Now that Russia is down and out, and under Boris Yeltsin, Russia had indeed become a basket case, the US can re-establish its nuclear dominance. This meant a return to the 1945-1949 era, when the US was the sole nuclear power.

The Russian response, stated explicitly by President Vladimir Putin in his yearly address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on March 1, 2018, announced a new range of weapons that were designed to defeat a missile shield, and therefore restore the balance of nuclear terror.

The recent testing of a maneuverable hypersonic glider called Avangard is a part of Putin’s new weapons that Russia had developed to defeat missile shields. It follows an earlier hypersonic glider, Kinzhal, whose “tests” he said in his 2018 speech “have been successfully completed.” He said Kinzhal weapons had already started “their trial service.”

The two other missiles are Sarmat, a new intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that can attack from any direction and therefore defeat the northern anti-missile batteries that the US has, and a submarine drone that can destroy aircraft carriers and naval harbors.

The one missile that Putin announced that seems to have encountered problems is a nuclear-powered cruise missile. This seems to have exploded during testing. All of the others have now been tested or are under testing.

After his 2018 speech, US media ridiculed Putin and deemed Russia incapable of developing a new generation of weapons. The underlying vision was that in a new era where Pax Americana was here to stay, nuclear dominance was feasible as a US strategy, and Putin’s claims of restoring parity were the rantings of a vainglorious leader. And let us not think this was just a Trumpian vision; former president Barack Obama also contemptuously dismissed Russia as a regional power that did not pose a security threat to the US. The Trumpian vision of winnable nuclear wars is not just the aberration of a megalomaniac and a narcissistic leader, but very much the worldview of the US bipartisan leadership.

It is important to register what Russia has not done in response to the US ratcheting up its nuclear weapons systems. It has not followed the US in trying to develop defense shields similar to what the US is investing in. Instead, it has followed a doctrine of asymmetric response by stepping up its offensive capability.

Russia recognizes that nuclear wars are not winnable, and parity is not competing with developing the same systems that the “enemy” has. It is enough to develop systems that will make nuclear wars unwinnable, hence Russia’s new weapons whose target is limited to defeating missile shields. Nuclear-proliferation expert Joshua Pollack says on why Russia is developing so many systems, “Perhaps all this excess is meant to convince the US of the futility of the BMD enterprise, and induce a more cooperative line of thought in Washington.”

Putin ended his speech on the new weapons with a plea to the US to return to stop the folly of global nuclear dominance. Instead, the US response has been to go forward and test new missiles that were earlier banned under the INF Treaty.

On the New START negotiations, the US has said it could start such talks on the condition that they include China. Even US arms-control experts are mystified by this demand for a Chinese inclusion. Currently, the United States and Russia have more than 6,000 nuclear warheads each, while China has about 300. So any such discussion that brings in China can only increase its voluntary limit and not reduce it. The Trump administration’s desire to bring only China into the New START negotiations is either ignorant or simply grandstanding.

Just for the record, France also has 300, with the UK at 200, and India and Pakistan around 150 each. Israel has about a range of 75 to 400, and North Korea has up to 30.

The US media and their experts have looked at the arms-control issue through the lens of national interest while examining the claims of the US and the Russian governments. They may dislike Trump, but when it comes to foreign affairs, that gives way to the national imperative of rallying behind the leader, even while holding one’s nose. If there are critical voices, most of them are muted.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the US is returning to its post-World War II vision of a Pax Americana. This is embedded in its nuclear doctrine, its strategic vision of controlling all theaters of war, and defining its competition in regional theaters as “revisionist powers.” That the US do not understand the world would not have mattered so much in an earlier era. Today, any war, let alone a nuclear one, will inevitably have global consequences.

A war between nuclear-armed powers would possibly end humanity, certainly human civilization. The Russian response to America’s nuclear path has been asymmetric – developing new weapons as low costs – with the hope that the US would return to Earth and negotiate.

The Earth is still waiting. Will the global citizens and community of nations now speak up?

SS/ME