Today is Friday; 12th of the Iranian month of Aban 1396 solar hijri; corresponding to 14th of the Islamic month of Safar 1439 lunar hijri; and November 3, 2017, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

1656 solar years ago, on this day in 361 AD, Roman Emperor Constantius II died in Cilicia in what is now south-central Turkey at the age of 44 after a reign of 24 years during which he was involved in war with Emperor Shapur II of the Sassanid Empire of Iran for control of Syria and what is now south-central Turkey. The second son of Constantine I – the imposer of Pauline Christianity on the Empire – he ascended to the throne on the division of the empire with his brothers Constantine II and Constans in 337 upon the death of their father, who by turning down an offer of peace by Emperor Shapur II of Sassanid Iran, was planning a large scale invasion of the Persian Empire on the pretext of mistreatment of Christians. On assuming power, Constantius was confronted with the large army, including the Indian war elephants of Shapur II, whose forces swept across of what is now northern Syria and southern Turkey, putting Nisibis (Nusaybin) under siege. When the Iranians lifted the siege, Constantius prepared his army for a counter-attack, but was unable to mount any successful campaign, except for the Battle of Narasara. Meanwhile, in the western provinces, his brothers clashed in 340, resulting in the death of Constantine II. In 350 Constans was overthrown and assassinated by Magnentius, who committed suicide in 353 following his military defeats by the armies of the east, leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire till his death in 361. Before dying he was forced to appoint as his successor, the rebellious Julian the Apostate, who two years later was to be killed in the Battle of Samarra (363) by the Iranians while fleeing from the counterattacks of Persians.

1401 lunar years ago, on this day in 38 AH, the governor of Egypt, Mohammad bin Abu Bakr, who was one of the loyal disciples of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), was martyred at the age of 27 by the Godless invader Amr bin Aas, sent by the rebellious Omayyad governor of Syria, Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan. His grave in Cairo is a site of pilgrimage. His mother was the virtuous Asma bint Omays, the widow of the Imam’s elder brother Hazrat Ja’far at-Tayyar, whom circumstances had compelled to become the wife of Abu Bakr before the latter usurped the caliphate at the scandalous gathering of Saqifa Bani Sa’da. Mohammad, a toddler when his father died, was brought up by Imam Ali (AS), who loved him and regarded him as his own son. The place that he had in the Imam’s heart is sometimes compared to that of Abu Dharr in the heart of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). As an honest and truthful person, Mohammad bin Abu Bakr, was one of the leading critics of the conduct of Othman bin Affan, the third caliph. During the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS), he was commander of a section of the army in the battles of Jamal and Siffin. The Imam sent him to Egypt as governor, where he was opposed by the “Deserters” or those who had broken their allegiance to the Imam. He strove to restore order to Egypt, but Mu’awiyah who was in correspondence with the “Deserters” dispatched Amr bin Aas to create sedition, as a result of which he was martyred. His wife was Kayhan Bano, a daughter of the last Sassanid emperor of Iran, Yazdegerd III, which means a sister of Hazrat Shahr Bano, the wife of Imam Husain (AS) and mother of Imam Zain al-Abedin (AS). Mohammad bin Abu Bakr’s son was Qasim, a renowned jurist and scholar of Medina, whose daughter Omm Farwa was married to Imam Mohammad Baqer (AS), and became the mother of Imam Ja’far Sadeq (AS).

1373 solar years ago, on this day in 644 AD, Omar ibn Khattab, the 2nd caliph or political head of the Muslim state, succumbed to the wounds he had suffered two days ago at the hands of Abu Lulu Firuz for failing to redress the injustice done to him by the latter's Arab master, Mughirah, who had imposed heavy taxes on this talented Iranian convert to Islam, well versed in many crafts including the construction of mills. Omar, who before becoming a Muslim was a fierce opponent of Islam and Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), had played the leading role in installing his friend Abu Bakr as the first caliph at the dubious gathering of Saqifa Bani Sa'da after a fist fight amongst the companions of the Prophet, while the Prophet's divinely-designated heir, Imam Ali (AS), along with the Bani Hashem clan and some prominent Sahaba (companions), was busy performing the last rites of the Last Messenger of God. Two years later, on Abu Bakr's death, he became the caliph on the claim of the former's will in his favour, although at the historic gathering of Ghadeer-Khom he was the first one to felicitate Imam Ali's (AS) formal appointment as the Prophet's vicegerent with the words: You have become my Master and the Master of all faithful men and women. For almost a decade he was head of state. On his deathbed, in order to determine the next caliph, Omar appointed a 6-man Shura (council), which chose Osman Ibn Affan, when Imam Ali (AS) who was first offered the political post, made it clear that he would rule only in accordance with the Holy Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah (practice), and would not follow the unhealthy innovations of the past re.

1144 lunar years ago, on this day in 295 AH, Abu Ibrahim Isma'il I, the most prominent Amir (ruler) of the Iranian Samanid Dynasty of Central Asia and Khorasan, died after a reign of 15 years and was succeeded by his son Ahmad. Isma'il added Kerman, Sistan and Kabul to his empire. A nominal vassal of the Abbasid caliph, he made his capital Bukhara into one of the most glorious cities of the Islamic world, rivaling Baghdad and attracting scholars, artists, and doctors of law into the region. The first translation of the holy Qu'ran into Persian was completed during Samanid rule, which saw the revival of Persian language and literature, along with the patronizing of Arabic. Ismail took Talas, the capital of the Qarluq Turks in what is now Kazakhstan, and propagated Islam amongst the inhabitants, with the result that as many as 30,000 tents of Turks became Muslim. His campaigns kept the heart of his state safe from the raids of the hitherto pagan Turks, and allowed Muslim missionaries to expand their activities in the region. The Samanids were descendants of the famous Sassanid general, Bahram Chobin, and had accepted Islam during Abbasid rule. They also propagated the jurisprudence of what came to be known as the Sunni school, and it was during their rule that most of the Hadith compilers, like Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmizi, Nasa’i, Hakem Nishapuri, and others flourished. They repressed Ismailis, because of the fear of the expanding influence of the Fatemid Dynasty of Egypt-North Africa-Syria-Hijaz, but were rather tolerant of Asna Ash'ari or Twelver Shi'ite Muslims.

806 lunar years ago, on this day in 632 AH, the judge and historian, Baha od-Din Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddad, passed away at the age of 93. Born in Mosul in Iraq, he memorized the holy Qur’an in childhood and later honed his skills in exegesis, hadith and other sciences. He taught at Baghdad’s famous Nizamiyyah Academy, founded by the Iranian statesman, Nizam ol-Molk Tousi, and later after visiting several Islamic lands, he went to Syria to serve as advisor to Salah od-Din Ayoubi, the Kurdish sultan who liberated Palestine and Bayt al-Moqaddas from Crusader occupation. He was an eyewitness to several battles against the Christian invaders from Europe, including the Siege of Acre, and wrote the historical work titled "an-Nawader as-Sultaniyyah”, which is an account of military campaigns. His other well-known book is the 4-volume "Dala'el al-Ahkaam" on jurisprudential issues.

432 lunar years ago, on this day in 1007 AH, the prominent Iranian Islamic Gnostic, jurisprudent, philosopher, and Hadith Authority, Mullah Mohsin Mohammad Fayz Kashani was born in Kashan in a family renowned for its learning. He began his education under his father, Shah Morteza, who possessed a rich library. At the age of twenty he went to Isfahan to pursue his studies, but after about a year moved to Shiraz to study Hadith and jurisprudence with Seyyed Majed Bahrani, on whose death he returned to Isfahan where he joined the circle of the great scholar Shaikh Baha od-Din Ameli, and attended the lectures of the famous Mir Baqer Damad on philosophy. At the age of 23, he departed for Mecca and after performing the Hajj, remained there in order to study Hadith with the Lebanese scholar, Mohammad bin Hassan bin Zayn od-Din Ameli (grandson of the Second Martyr). On his return to Iran, he studied for 8 years with the philosopher, Mullah Sadra Shirazi, whose daughter he married. He later served as Friday Prayer Leader of the Safavid Capital, Isfahan, and towards the end of his 82-year fruitful life, returned to his hometown Kashan where he passed away. Fayz Kashani was a prolific writer in both Persian and Arabic, with more than a hundred and twenty books and treatises to his credit. His widely-read works include “Mahjat-al-Bayza”, “Ayn al-Yaqin”, “Tafsir Safi” (exegesis of holy Qur’an), “Abwaab-ol-Jenan” and “al-Waafi” – which is a commentary of the famous “Osoul Kafi” of Allamah Kulayni. In addition to composing excellent Persian poetry, he wrote “Safinat-an-Nejaat” on astronomy and an exposition of the “Sahifat-as-Sajjadiyya” or collection of supplications of Imam Zain al-Abedin (AS), the 4^th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA).

413 solar years ago, on this day in 1604 AD, the Ottoman Sultan, Osman II, was born to Sultan Ahmad and his Greek wife Maria – renamed Mah-Firuzeh Khadija on becoming Muslim. He ascended the throne at the young age of 14, as a result of a palace coup against his uncle Mustafa I. Four years later in 1622 he was strangled to death by his vizier, following his plans to reorganize the army and the administrative system in the wake of the treaty imposed on humiliating terms in the Moldavian Wars when he personally led the Turkish forces into Poland, after securing the eastern borders with Safavid Iran by signing the Treaty of Serav with Shah Abbas I. He was fluent in Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin and Italian.

398 solar years ago, on this day in 1619 AD, the sixth and last of the Great Moghal emperoros of the subcontinent, Mohi od-Din Mohammad titled Aurangzeb Alamagir, was born at Dohad, while his grandfather Noor od-Din Jahangir was marching from Gujarat to Ujjain. His father was Shahab od-Din Shahjahan, while his mother was Arjumand Banu titled Mumtaz Mahal, who was the daughter of the Iranian émigré to India, Asaf Khan Tehrani – brother of the empress Noor Jahan. Aurangzeb ruled for half-a-century, extending the empire to the southernmost part of India, as well as the eastern-most parts, in addition to ruling the eastern part of Afghanistan, where he was involved in a struggle with the Safavid Empire of Iran.

178 solar years ago, on this day in 1839 AD, with the attack of the British navy on Chinese civilian ships, the Opium War broke out, and intensified eight months later as of July 5, 1840. The motivation was to expand opium trade in China, which led to drug addiction of a large number of Chinese people. The Chinese government threw 20,000 bags containing opium into the sea, which led to breakout of war. China lost the war and was forced to grant numerous concessions, but, Britain was intent on resuming the opium trade and imposed a new war in 1856, in collaboration with France. In 1860, as the colonial forces approached the capital, Beijing, China surrendered and the opium trade was resumed. It was during these wars that the British seized Hong Kong.

114 solar years ago, on this day in 1903 AD, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, prominent historian of the Subcontinent, and professor of political history at Karachi University, Pakistan, was born in Etah, a town in Uttar Pradesh, India. He did matriculation in 1916, and joined MAO College Aligarh. He took active part in the Khilafat Movement against abolishment of the Ottoman caliphate, while completing post-graduation with distinction in Persian language from St. Stephen's College, Delhi in 1927, which he joined the next year as Lecturer in History. Between 1937 and 1940, he studied at Cambridge University, Britain for a PhD degree, the topic of his thesis being “Administration of Sultanate of Delhi”. During this period in London, he also briefly joined the Pakistan National Movement founded by Choudhary Rahmat Ali. After returning home, he rejoined Delhi University where he was appointed Professor of History, and subsequently the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. In 1947, during the partition riots, when the Muslim students of the St Stephen's College had to be evacuated to the Purana Qila, and Dr Qureshi's library was completely burnt down by anti-Muslim mobs. He decided to migrate to Pakistan in 1948, where he continued his academic and political career, and served as a member of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. In 1949, he was appointed Professor of History at the University of the Punjab, Lahore. He also joined the Government of Pakistan as Minister of Refugee Rehabilitation, and later as Minister of Education. Later on, he joined the Columbia University, New York where he wrote his famous book, “Muslim Community of South Asia”, as a story of the trials and tribulations of the Muslims in the Subcontinent. On his return, he played a pivotal role in the establishment of the University of Karachi, and died on 22 January 1981 in Karachi. Some of his books are: “Ulema in Politics”, “Akbar, the Architect of Mughal Empire”, “Administration of the Mughal Empire”, “Struggle for Pakistan”, and “Islam – Religion of Peace”. He also edited the four-volume series on History of Pakistan.

109 solar years ago, on this day in 1908 AD, the combatant religious leader, Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Hussaini, popular as Mirza Khalili, passed away at the age of 93. Born in holy Najaf, he studied under prominent ulema such as Shaikh Mohammad Hassan Najafi (author of “Jawaher al-Kalaam”) and Ayatollah Shaikh Morteza Ansari Dezfuli (author of “Rasa’el” and “Makaseb”). On the passing away of Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi (famous for his anti-tobacco fatwa to save Iranian economy from British exploitation), he was acknowledged as Source of Emulation for Shi’a Muslims of Iran, Iraq, Syria and the Subcontinent. He backed the Constitutional Revolution against the despotism of the Qajarids in Iran, and on the victory of this movement formed its 3-member leadership council at the Najaf Seminary, along with the scholars Akhound Mullah Mohammad Kazem Khorasani and Mirza Abdullah Mazandarani. He groomed scholars and wrote many books.

62 solar years ago, on this day in 1955 AD, Iranian researcher, literary figure and university professor, Dr. Ahmad Bahmanyar Kirmani, passed away at the age of 72 in Tehran. Born in Kirman, he received his early education from his scholarly father Aqa Mohammad Ali, and from his brother. He soon became proficient in Arabic and Persian literature and at the young age of sixteen could teach Arabic grammar and literature and write a commentary on one of his father’s scholarly works. Two periods can be distinguished in his life. During the first one (1910-29) he joined the Constitutional Movement, published the weekly paper “Dehqan” in Kirman (1st issue Shawwal 1329 AH/October 1911 AD) and later the “Fikr-e Azad” in Mashhad (1922-23) and Tehran (1924). In 1915, due to his political involvements, he was exiled by the British from Kerman to Fars, where he was jailed for more than fourteen months. While in jail he learned Ottoman Turkish and translated a few Turkish poems into Persian. He also studied astronomy with a fellow prisoner. Upon his release he went to Tehran and entered the government service, serving the Ministries of Finance, Education, and Justice in a number of cities for about nine years. During the second period (1929 until his death in 1955), he became a high-school teacher in Tehran, a faculty member at the Dar al-Mo’allemin (Teachers’ College; 1931), professor of Arabic and Persian at Tehran University (1935), and a permanent member of the Farhangestan-e Iran (Academy of Iran; 1942). Bahmanyar’s work is characterized by clarity and simplicity of language. It includes “Tohfa-ye Ahmadiya”, a two-volume commentary on the Alfiya of Ibn Malek (1912), a biography of the famous Iranian vizier of the Buwaiyhid Dynasty Saheb ibn Abbad Ismail Taleqani), and critical editions of Mohammad bin Monawwar’s “Asrar at-Tawhid” (1935), Baha od-Din Mohammad Baghdadi’s “At-Tawassol ila’t-Tarassol” (1936), Ibn Fondoq’s “Tarikh-e Bayhaq” (1938), Abu Mansur’s “Kitab al-Abniya an“Haqa’eq al-Adwiya”, some treatises of Hajj Mohammad-Karim Kirmani, and a number of articles. His “Majma’ al-Amsal” is yet to be published. Bahmanyar also wrote some poetry, and a memoir “Yaddasht-e Ayyam-e Avaragi”.

61 solar years ago, on this day in 1956 AD, during Israel's war on Egypt, Zionist troops massacred at least 275 people in the city of Khan Younes in the Gaza Strip. They hanged 25 Egyptian soldiers, besides raiding the city’s hospital and killing all the patients, as well as nurses, and physicians. They then bombed and flattened the city’s shelter where dozens of women, children, and elderly had taken refuge.

42 solar years ago, on this day in 1975 AD, the Iranian philosopher, jurist, and theologian, Allamah Mirza Abu’l-Hassan Sha’rani Tehrani passed away in his hometown Tehran at the age of 73 and was laid to rest in the mausoleum of Seyyed Abdul-Azim al-Hassani. Son of the scholar Shaikh Mohammad Tehrani and grandson of Abu’l-Hassan Mujtahed Tehrani and of Mullah Fathollah, the author of the commentary of “Manhaj-as-Sadeqin”, he studied in the famous seminary of holy Najaf and on his return to Iran developed into one of the great teachers of the philosophical school of Tehran. In addition to mastering religious sciences, he studied medicine and astronomy, and was fluent in Persian, Arabic, French and Hebrew. His teachers included Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Modarres, Allamah Shaikh Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, Ayatollah Mirza Mahdi Ashtiani, Ayatollah Abu Turab Khwansari, and Grand Ayatollah Shaikh Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi, the Reviver of the Qom Seminary. He, in turn groomed several students, many of whom developed into prominent scholars such as Ayatollah Mirza Hashem Amoli, Shaikh Ali Asghar Karbaschian (Founder of Tehran’s Alavi High school), Ayatollah Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, Dr Mahdi Mohaqeq, Dr Mohammad Khwansari and others. Ayatollah Sha’rani, in addition to teaching religious sciences at Tehran’s Sepah-Salar School (presently Martyr Motahhari) and Marvi School, was a full professor at the Faculty of Literature of Tehran University. He wrote many books on diverse subjects, such as theology, jurisprudence, philosophy and Hadith. He translated from Arabic to Persian such books as “Nafas al-Mahmoum” and “Sahifat-as-Sajjadiyah”. His works include: Commentary on the book of “al-Wafi”; Notes on “al-Kafi” in 12 volumes; Annotation of the exegesis “Majma’ al Bayan”; Preface and Notes on “Asrar al Hikam” (Mysteries of Wisdom), and translation of “Flamarion” to French.

11 solar years ago, on this day in 2006 AD the Islamic Republic of Iran successfully test-fired three new models of sea missiles in the Persian Gulf waters, as part of its efforts to boost defence capabilities.

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