Today is Friday; 15th of the Iranian month of Tir 1397 solar hijri; corresponding to 22nd of the Islamic month of Shawwal 1439 lunar hijri; and July 6, 2018, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

1378 solar years ago, on this day in 640 AD, the Muslim army defeated the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis or Ayn Shams in Egypt. Though there were several major skirmishes after this battle, it effectively ended Byzantine or Eastern Roman rule in Egypt, opening the door for the Muslim conquest of North Africa.

1098 lunar years ago, on this day in 341 AH, the Iranian poet, Abu Ishaq Kesa-i Marvazi, was born in the Khorasani city of Marv (seized by Russia in 1884 and currently in Turkmenistan). He lived in the waning years of the Iranian Samanid Dynasty of Bukhara and the rise of the Turkic Ghaznavid Dynasty of Ghazna. Hence he has written poems in praise of the rulers of these two dynasties, before embracing the truth of the school of the Ahl al-Bayt. Thereafter he devoted his life to writing poetry on the merits of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) as well as his First Infallible Heir, Imam Ali (AS).

607 solar years ago, on this day in 1411 AD, Admiral Zheng He of China’s Ming Dynasty, whose real name was Mahmoud Shams od-Din, returned to Nanjing after his second voyage and presented the captured Sinhalese king to the Yongle Emperor. In 1405 AD, he set sail to explore the world on the first of his seven voyages that took him to Southeast Asia, the Subcontinent, Arabia, Iran, and Africa. He was the great-great-great-grandson of Seyyed Ajal Shams od-Din, the Iranian statesman who served in the administration of the Mongol Empire, and was appointed governor of Yunnan by the Yuan Dynasty. Born in 1371, his father and grandfather had performed pilgrimage to holy Mecca. As a 10-year boy, Mahmoud was captured by the Ming, who castrated him and gave him the Chinese name of Zheng He. Nonetheless, his indomitable spirit made him to overcome his physical handicap to rise as a general, diplomat, courtier and admiral. He commanded a flotilla of several hundred galleys, including huge five-decked ships, on each of his voyages in the span of 28 years. In addition to demonstrating the might of China through presents to the rulers of lands he visited, he brought back exotic things and animals including zebras, giraffes and ostriches. During his last journey in 1433, at the age of 62, he died off the coast of Kozhikode, India, and was buried at sea.

483 solar years ago, on this day in 1535 AD, Thomas More, English lawyer, social philosopher, author, and statesman, who coined the word "Utopia" in the novel of the same name, was beheaded at the age of 57 after being tried for treason and convicted on perjured testimony, following imprisonment a year earlier for his refusal to endorse King Henry VIII’s separation from the Catholic Church and declaration as Supreme Head of the Church of England. Born in London to the lawyer and judge, John More, and highly educated, in 1516 he published Utopia – a name he gave to an ideal and imaginary island nation, the political system of which contrasts the contentious social life of European states with the perfectly orderly, reasonable social arrangements. In Utopia, with communal ownership of land, private property does not exist; men and women are educated alike; and there is almost complete religious toleration. Utopia tolerates different religious practices but does not tolerate atheists, since Thomas More believed that if a person did not believe in God or in afterlife he/she could never be trusted. He coined the English phrase "grasp at straws" to mean "desperately trying even useless things", in his book "Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation”. He caught the king’s attention and served as Councilor to Henry VIII, before being promoted to Lord Chancellor from 1529 to 1532. A bitter opponent of the Protestant Movement, he ridiculed German Church reformer, Martin Luther, as a heretic in the book "Responsio ad Lutherum", in which he also opposed the English monarch's separation from the Catholic Church and refused to accept the king as Supreme Head of the Church of England, a factor that led to his downfall.

327 lunar years ago, on this day in 1112 AH, the renowned scholar, Seyyed Ne’matollah Jazayeri passed away at the age of 61 in Pol-e Dokhtar in south-western Iran, where his mausoleum is a site of pilgrimage. He traced his lineage to Imam Musa Kazem (AS), the 7^th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). Born in an island in the estuary of the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers near Basra; hence his epithet ‘Jazayeri’; he and his brother Seyyed Najm od-Din had their education in Shiraz. He transcribed books, corrected the transcriptions and wrote glosses, simultaneous with his studies, under great scholars as Sheikh Ja’far Bahrani, the celebrated Mullah Sadra Shirazi, and Seyyed Hashem Ehsai. After marriage, for higher studies he shifted to the Safavid capital, Isfahan, where his teachers were Mirza Rafi Tabatabaei, Sheikh Emad Yazdi, Mohaqeq Sabzevari, Sheikh Horr Ameli, Mullah Mohsen Faiz Kashani, and the famous Allamah Baqer Majlisi. He soon became a great scholar and groomed several students, besides writing books on a wide variety of subjects. After 8 years in Isfahan, he left for Iraq but because of restrictions placed by the Ottoman occupiers he did not stay there for long. Invited by the governor of Khuzestan, he moved to southwestern Iran where he established many mosques and religious schools. He served as Sheikh ol-Islam in the Shustar region, and also preached in southern Iraq where he strove to abolish the enmity amongst Arab tribes. His books include an exegesis of the holy Qur’an titled “Oqoud al-Marjaan”, “Riyadh al-Abraar fi Ma’refat al-Aimmat al-Athaar” (on biographies of the Infallible Imams), "Qissas al-Anbiyya" (Accounts of the Prophets), "Madinat-al-Hadith", "Hedayat al-Mo'menin" and “al-Anwar an-Nu’maniyya fi Ma’refat an-Nishaat al-Insaniyya”. He also wrote a commentary on "Sahifat as-Sajjadiyya", the collection of supplications of the Prophet’s 4^th Infallible Heir, Imam Zain al-Abedin (AS). Among his descendants are prominent religious scholars, academicians, and statesmen, spread over Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and the Subcontinent, including his great grandson, Seyyed Abu’l-Qassim Jazayeri Shushtari, titled “Mir Alam”, the early 19^th century prime minister of the state of Haiderabad-Deccan in southern India. In Lucknow in northern India, his descendants included the scholar Mufti Seyyed Mohammad Abbas Jazayeri Shustari (1809-1869) and his equally scholarly son, Mufti Seyyed Ahmad Ali. 

207 lunar years ago, on this day in 1232 AH, the jurisprudent and theologian, Mullah Ali Akbar Eiji Isfahani, passed away. He groomed students and authored several books, including “Zubdat-al-Ma’aref”.

164 solar years ago, on this day in 1854 AD, German mathematician and physicist, Georg Simon Ohm, passed away at the age of 67. He discovered laws in electricity which are named after him as “Ohm”, and are applied to this day. He has left a book on the mathematical theory of electrical currents.

133 solar years ago, on this day in 1885 AD, French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, successfully tested his vaccine against rabies. The patient was Joseph Meister, a 9-year old boy bitten by a rabid dog. The boy was injected the first of 14 daily doses of rabbit spinal cord suspensions containing progressively inactivated rabies virus. This was the beginning of the era of immunization, which had been presaged by Britain’s Edward Jenner nearly 100 years earlier. The boy grew up and became caretaker of the Pasteur Institute until age 64.

131 solar years ago, on this day in 1887 AD, David Kalakaua, monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, was forced at gunpoint by the Americans to sign the “Bayonet Constitution” giving US nationals more power in Hawaii while stripping Hawaiian citizens of their rights. The Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific are presently under full US occupation and regarded as an American state.

125 solar years ago, on this day in 1893 AD, popular French writer, Henri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant, who is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story and one of the form's finest exponents, died in Paris at the age of 43. His stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, effortless outcomes. Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote some 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" (Ball of Fat, 1880), is often considered his masterpiece.

109 lunar years ago, on this day in 1330 AH, the Ottomans withdrew from Libya in conformity with the Treaty of Ouchy after losing the war with invading Italy.

56 solar years ago, on this day in 1962 AD, the US author, William Faulkner, died at the age of 65. After participating in World War I, he returned to his country. Following his familiarization with his compatriot author, Sherwood Anderson, he turned to writing poems in the year 1925. He spoke of social chaos in the US in his books, especially racial discrimination against blacks. His novels highly influenced the style of novel writing in the US. Among his valuable books, mention can be made of “The Sound and the Fury”.

54 solar years ago, on this day in 1964 AD, Malawi in southern Africa gained its independence from British colonial rule. Prior to independence, it was known as Nyasaland, and was under British hegemony since 1859 when David Livingston, set foot on its soil. Malawi covers an area of 118484 square km. It is situated in Southeast Africa and shares borders with Tanzania, Zambia, and Mozambique.

51 solar years ago, on this day in 1967 AD, the Biafran War erupted in Nigeria, lasting more than two years and claiming some 600,000 lives. The Republic of Biafra was proclaimed, through Israel’s sedition to instigate the ethnic Igbo populated eastern region of Nigeria to secede. This was followed by civil war. The federal troops held most of rebellious Biafra by the end of 1968 but the Igbos attempted to hold out in a small and crowded area. The war broke out when the Igbos, led by Col. Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu, launched a rebellion to form a separate state, because of instigation by the illegal Zionist entity.

43 solar years ago, on this day in 1975 AD, the Comoros Islands gained independence from French colonial rule. Comoros is actually the French corruption of “Qamar” for Moon in Arabic since the islands are known as Juzur al-Qamar or Moon Islands. According to accounts, in 632, upon hearing of Islam, the islanders are said to have dispatched an emissary, the navigator Qumralu, to Arabia—but by the time he arrived there, Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) had departed from the world. Nonetheless, after a stay in Medina, he returned to Qanbalu Island and led the gradual conversion of his islanders to Islam. Some of the earliest accounts of the Comoros were derived from the works of the famous Islamic geographer, al-Masudi, who mentions the early Islamic trade routes and how the islands were frequently visited by Muslims including Iranian and Arab merchants and sailors from Basra in search of coral, ylang-ylang, ivory, beads, spices, and gold. They also brought Islam to the people of Comoros and Zanzibar. By the 12th century AD, masses of people converted to Islam in these islands and the Islamic culture and civilization quickly spread. In the 16th Century AD, Comoros were for a while occupied by Portugal. The Sultan of Oman who had brought Zanzibar under his control, ended this occupation. In 1842, parts of Comoros were occupied by the French. Finally, following the struggles of people, Comoros officially announced its independence in 1975. President Ahmad Abdullah Mohammad Sambi, who was elected in the first democratically-held ballot in May 2006, was head of state for a five-year term until 2011. Educated in the holy city of Qom and popularly known as “Ayatollah” because of his Islamic attire and green turban, he is of Hadhrami ancestry from Yemen and claims descent from Ali al-Uraydhi, a son of Imam Ja’far Sadeq (AS), the 6th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA).

32 solar years ago, on this day in 1986 AD, Ayatollah Seyyed Jawad Khamenei – father of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei – passed away at the age of 91 in Mashhad and was laid to rest in the holy mausoleum of Imam Reza (AS), the 8th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). Born in Khameneh in East Azarbaijan Province, northwestern Iran, he was educated by his scholarly father, before moving to Mashhad, Khorasan, northeastern Iran, where he studied under Ayatollah Aqazadeh Khorasani and Ayatollah Aqa Hussain Qomi. He went to holy Najaf in Iraq for higher religious courses and attended the classes of Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Na’ini and Grand Ayatollah Abu’l-Hassan Isfahani. On return to Iran, he lived the rest of his life in Mashhad in piety and asceticism.  

23 solar years ago, on this day in 1995 AD, Serbs, under the command of General Ratko Mladic and assisted by Greek volunteers unleashed genocide on the town of Srebrenica, right before the eyes of the Dutch peacekeepers, Dutchbat, driving out over 30,000 Bosniak Muslims from their homes as part of ethnic cleansing, and massacring more than 8000 Bosniak men, women and children, in what is known as the worst crime on European soil since the Second World War. The tragedy of Srebrenica would haunt the UN's history forever, because of the genocide in the presence of peacekeeping troops as well as the delay of the International Criminal Court at Hague for meting out justice to Ratko Mladic, who is under trial since 2012. “The Preliminary List of People Missing or Killed in Srebrenica” compiled by the Bosnian Federal Commission of Missing Persons contains 8,373 names. As of July 2012, 6,838 genocide victims have been identified through DNA analysis of body parts recovered from mass graves; as of July 2013, 6,066 victims have been buried at the Memorial Centre of Potocari.

AS/MG