Today is Saturday; 27th of the Iranian month of Shahrivar 1395 solar hijri; corresponding to 15th of the Islamic month of Zi’l-Hijjah 1437 lunar hijri; and September 17, 2016, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

1223 lunar years ago, on this day in 214 AH, Imam Ali an-Naqi al-Hadi (AS), the 10^th Infallible Successor of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) was born in the holy city of Medina. His period of Imamate, or divinely-decreed leadership of mankind, was 34 years, until he was martyred in the Iraqi city of Samarra through poisoning by the usurper Abbasid caliph, Mo’taz. The Imam, who was forced to come to Samarra by the previous caliph, the tyrant Motawakkil, trained many prominent scholars, including his distant cousin, Hazrat Abdul-Azeem al-Hassani, whose shrine in Rayy, a southern suburb of Tehran, is visited by pilgrims throughout the year. Despite the suffocating atmosphere of Abbasid rule, the 10th Imam strengthened the system of “wikala” (representation) throughout the Islamic realm, to serve the ummah during the imamate of his son, and especially the long occultation of his grandson, the eagerly awaited, Imam Mahdi (AS), who will reappear in the end times to establish the global government of peace, prosperity and justice, by weeding out oppression and corruption from the earth.

1195 lunar years ago, on this day in 242 AH, the Mu’tazalite ideologue, Yahya Ibn Aktham, died in Rabadha. He was a close confidante of Mamoun, the self-styled caliph of the usurper Abbasid regime, and was hopelessly outwitted in the famous debate he held in the front of the whole court with the young Imam Mohammad Taqi (AS), the 9th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) on jurisprudential issues. Some two decades later, Yahya wrote a series of complicated questions to try to test the God-given knowledge of Imam Ali al-Hadi (AS), and was astounded by the answers provided by the Prophet’s 10th Infallible Successor to which he had no clue. Yahya was appointed as Chief Judge of Basra, but Mamoun was forced to dismiss him because of his open indulgence in the cardinal sin of sodomy, after a series of complaints from the people. The poet Ahmad Ibn Abu Na’eem wrote the following quatrain that shows the judge, the governor and the regime in their true anti-Islamic colours (Tarikh al-Baghdad):

 "Our Governor takes bribe;

“Our Judge is homosexual;

“And as long as the Abbasids rule;

“I have no confidence that tyranny will subside."

841 solar years ago, on this day in 1176 AD, the crucial Battle of Myriokephalon was fought in what is now Savasi in Turkey, resulting in a decisive victory for the Seljuq Sultanate of Roum and a shattering defeat for the Byzantine Empire. It was to be the final, unsuccessful attempt by the Byzantine Greeks to recover the interior of Anatolia from the Seljuq Turks. The Seljuqs were led by Sutlan Qilij Arslan II, while the Byzantines were led by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Qilij Arslan who died in 1192 after a reign of 36 years, promoted Persian culture in Anatolia and was succeeded by his son Kaykhosrow I.

200 solar years ago, on this day in 1816 AD, British archaeologist, Charles Thomas Newton, was born. He excavated sites in southwestern Turkey including remains of one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, i.e. the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, built by the Greeks. As the first curator of Greek and Roman antiquities at the British Museum in London, he greatly enriched its collection by making outstanding acquisitions. Along with the chief remains from Halicarnassus, he brought to the museum the bronze Delphian serpent from Istanbul, a sculpture of the Greek goddess Demeter, and the colossal lion from Cnidus.

116 solar years ago, on this day in 1900 AD, the Filipinos led by Juan Cailles defeated the Americans led by Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham at Mabitac. It was a major setback for the US, although it went on to occupy the Philippines in the war it had launched against the Spanish Empire two years earlier.

68 solar years ago, on this day in 1948 AD, the last Muslim kingdom of the Subcontinent came to its end with the surrender of Haiderabad-Deccan to the Indian invasion forces after some six days of resistance by its ruler, Osman Ali Khan Asef Jah VII that ended the 224-year rule of his dynasty, and almost 6 centuries of the independence of Muslim Deccan from Hindustan (Northern Subcontinent). The kingdom was the size of France, despite gradual occupation of its territories on the north, south, and the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal by British colonialists. It had decided to remain independent on partition of the Subcontinent into India and Pakistan a year earlier in August 1947. The Indian invasion was codenamed "Operation Polo" since Haiderabad-Deccan had the most number of polo grounds in South Asia – 17 in all. Called erroneously “police action”, it resulted in a calamity for the local Muslim people, especially in the Marathwara region (200,000 massacred). So catastrophic was its aftermath that an official enquiry ordered by Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru was never published. Professor Wilfred Cantwell Smith, who as a critic of the Nizam, had visited Haiderabad in 1949, wrote a seminal article in the periodical “The Middle East Journal” in 1950 (Volume 4) titled “Haiderabad: A Muslim Tragedy”. Citing eyewitness accounts provided by conscientious Hindus, he wrote: “Off the battlefield, however, the Muslim community fell before a massive and brutal blow, the devastation of which left those who did survive reeling in bewildered fear. Thousands upon thousands were slaughtered; many hundreds of thousands uprooted. The instrument of their disaster was, of course, vengeance (on the alleged atrocities of the Razakars).” The Islamic culture of the Deccan, in contrast to Hindustan, evolved independently through direct contacts with Iran and Arabia via the sea route. The Persian language was once wide spread in the state, and Haiderabad still has hundreds of thousands of valuable Persian and Arabic manuscripts in its libraries and museums. It is worth noting that the Deccan, which throughout pre-Islamic history, had remained independent, except for very brief periods of domination by the North, had declared its independence from the Turkic Muslim Tughlaq Dynasty of Hindustan in 1347 under the leadership of the general of Iranian origin, Ala od-Din Hassan Bahman Shah, who founded the Bahmani Kingdom. This dynasty split up into five sultanates in the early 16th century, of which the three major powers were the Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar, the Adel Shahis of Bijapur, and the Qotb Shahis of Haiderabad-Golkandah – all of whom were Shi'ite Muslims, who considered the Safavid Shahs of Iran as their emperors, rather than the Mughals of Hindustan. The Adel Shahis and the Qotb Shahis were in fact of Turkic Iranian origin, and their realms were annexed in 1686 and 1687 respectively by the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. In 1724 the Deccan again became independent under the astute general, Qamar od-Din Khan Nizam ol-Molk Asaf Jah I – an accomplished Persian poet descended from the Iranian mystic Shehab od-Din Sohravardi. He was present in Delhi during the invasion of Nader Shah, and had been offered by the Iranian conqueror the rule of all India, which he declined out of respect for the defeated Mughal Emperor, Mohammad Shah.

68 solar years ago, on this day in 1948 AD, UN mediator, Folke Bernadotte, was assassinated by Zionist terrorists in Bayt al-Moqqadas, before he could present his plan for resolution of the Palestinian issue and termination of the first Israeli war.

59 lunar years ago, on this day in 1378 AH, Ayatollah Sheikh Ali Borhan passed away at the age of 54. A product of the Islamic seminary of holy Najaf in Iraq, he studied under Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Hassan Isfahani and Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Qassim Khoie. On his return to Iran, he involved himself in socio-religious activities, managing seminaries and building mosques. He wrote several books including an exegesis on Surah Yusuf of the holy Qur’an and a supplication manual titled “Hadith al-Ayyam”.

55 solar years ago, on this day in 1961 AD, Turkish Prime Minister Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes was executed by the military, a year after the coup d’etat that toppled his democratic government. Son of a wealthy landowner of Crimean Tatar origin, he fought against the invading Greek army during the Turkish War of Independence and later graduated from the Law School of Ankara University. He was one of the founders of the Democrat Party (DP) in 1946, and in 1950, he was elected Prime Minister – a post he held for ten years through re-elections until toppled by the military in 1960. He sold or distributed most of the estate he had inherited from his father to small shareholders, and was tolerant towards traditional lifestyles and different forms of practice of Islam. He campaigned in the 1950 elections on the platform of legalizing the Arabic Islamic call to prayer (adhan), which had been banned by Kamal Ataturk. Menderes re-opened thousands of mosques across the country which had been closed down. In one of his speeches, he said that members of parliament could bring back the Ottoman Caliphate if they so desired. During the 10 years of his term as prime minister, industrialization and urbanization were accelerated, and the economy grew at an unprecedented rate of 9% per annum, a feat which had and so far has not yet been duplicated. He was popular among the public, but disliked by the military, and the most important event that brought his fall from power was establishment of Commission of Inquiries to probe official corruption. On 27 May 1960, the military deposed and arrested him, charged him with violating the constitution, sentenced him to death, and hanged him on the island of Imrali.

51 solar years ago, on this day in 1965 AD, the Battle of Chawinda was fought as part of the Sialkot Campaign in the Second Indo-Pakistani War. It was one of the largest tank battles in history since the Battle of Kursk in World War II. The initial clashes at Chawinda coincided with the tank battle near Phillora and the fighting intensified once the Pakistani forces at Phillora retreated. However, the Indian invasion was repelled and the battle finally ended due to the UN ceasefire.

46 solar years ago, on this day in 1970 AD, King Hussein of Jordan ordered a military assault on Palestinians to prevent them from carrying out operations against the illegal Zionist entity. The Jordanian army, led by General Zia ul-Haq, the military attaché at the Pakistani embassy in Amman, mercilessly martyred or wounded thousands of Palestinians. After the clashes, hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees were expelled from Jordan. Seven years later, Zia seized power in Pakistan through a military coup against Prime Minister Zulfeqar Ali Bhutto.

36 solar years ago, on this day in 1980 AD, Saddam, the dictator of the repressive Ba'th minority regime of Baghdad, tore in front of TV cameras the 1975 Algiers Accord with Iran, which he himself had signed in 1975. Six days later, on the US orders, he launched his unprovoked war on the Islamic Republic that lasted 8 years. In 1990, Saddam had to eat the humble pie and acknowledge the Algiers Accord that delineates the southwestern border between the two countries.

28 solar years ago, on this day in 1988 AD, the famous Iranian poet, Mohammad Hussein Shahriyar, passed away at the age of 84. Born in the northwestern Iranian city of Tabriz, he completed his studies at Tehran’s Dar ol-Fonoun Academy, and took up the study of medicine, which he did not complete. He published his first collection of poems at the age of 23. His poems are in a variety of styles, including lyrics, odes and quatrains. His poetry was often critical of the British-installed and US-backed Pahlavi regime. He stood by the Iranian nation during the Islamic Revolution, and also composed moving panegyrics in praise of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) and the Infallible Ahl al-Bayt. Among his famous poems is the one titled “Haydar Baba” in Azeri language, in addition to the Persian masterpiece in praise of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). The Leader of Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei has pointed out to the close bond between Shahriyar and the Holy Qur'an.

10 solar years ago, on this day in 2006 AD, Anousheh Ansari, an Iranian-American telecommunications entrepreneur, took off on a Russian rocket bound for the international space station, becoming the world's first paying female space tourist.

5 solar years ago, on this day in 2011 AD, the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) Movement began in Zuccotti Park, New York City. Wall Street is the financial nerve of the US, and the movement which campaigned against the widespread social and economic inequality in the US society, as well as against rampant corruption, greed and undue influence of corporations on government, spread across the country and received global attention. The OWS slogan, "We are the 99%", refers to income inequality and wealth distribution in the US between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population – a fact confirmed by the Congress’s 2012 budget. Protests spread all over Europe, calling for equal distribution of wealth, more better jobs, bank reforms, and forgiveness of student loan debts. The press later revealed in 2014 that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had kept close surveillance and extensively infiltrated the Occupy Wall Street Movement, in order to deviate it from its goals and destroy it.

AS/ME