Today is Monday; 20th of the Iranian month of Farvardin 1397 solar hijri; corresponding to 22nd of the Islamic month of Rajab 1439 lunar hijri; and April 9, 2018, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

1825 solar years ago, on this day in 193 AD, Lucius Septimius Severus seized power of the Roman Empire on the death of Emperor Pertinax, after deposing and killing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus, during the “Year of the Five Emperors”. Of Syrian-Punic stock, he fought his rival claimants, the generals, Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, to consolidate his power. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus in Cilicia in what is now south-central Turkey. Later that year Severus waged a punitive campaign beyond the eastern frontier by annexing the Kingdom of Osroene, which was under protection of the Parthian Empire, thereby starting a new phase of Roman-Iranian hostilities. The Battle of Lugdunum (modern Lyon in France) against Albinus was the bloodiest-ever battle between rival Roman armies that resulted in the death of over a 100,000 soldiers. A ruthless pagan, Septimius Severus persecuted monotheists, especially the followers of Prophet Jesus, and waged war against Iran’s Parthian Empire in Iraq, sacking the capital Ctesiphon in 197. Like Trajan a century earlier, he was not much successful, as the Iranians regrouped and forced him to pull back. Although he briefly annexed the upper part of Mesopotamia in what are now northern Syria and southern Turkey, despite two lengthy sieges he failed to subdue the impregnable fortress of Hatra near Mosul in what was then the Iranian province of Khavaran. After a reign of 18 blood-soaked years, he died in York in Britain and was succeeded by his equally bloodthirsty and treacherous son, Caracalla, who six years later in 217 was destined to meet a miserable death, following his deceitful slaughter of the unarmed wedding party of the Parthian Emperor’s daughter whom he had tricked into marriage. 

1379 lunar years ago, on this day in 60 AH, Omayyad tyrant, Mu’awiyah, died in Damascus at the age of 80, nineteen years after usurping the caliphate from the Prophet’s elder grandson, Imam Hasan Mojtaba (AS), whom he martyred through poisoning in 50 AH in violation of the terms of the treaty signed in 41 AH. Of doubtful paternity and born to the lecherous Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan, he was a staunch opponent of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) – having been brought up by two of the most spiteful enemies of Islam. In 8 AH when Mecca submitted to the Muslims, two-and-a-half-years before the Prophet’s passing away, he reluctantly paid lip service to Islam. During the caliphate of Omar ibn Khattab, he was appointed governor of the newly conquered vast province of Shaam (made up of today’s Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and the illegal Zionist entity Israel), a position he held for almost 20 years despite his dismissal by the Commander of the Faithful Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS) against whom he came out into armed rebellion at the War of Siffeen. During the almost 40 years he had entrenched himself in the mostly Christian Levant (Shaam), Mu’awiyah did not spare any effort to distort the teachings of Islam, oppress, torture, and kill Muslims, and indulge in all cardinal sins. On his deathbed, contrary to the terms of the treaty with Imam Hasan (AS), he named as caliph his libertine and infidel son, Yazid, who was born of an adulterous affair with Maysoun, a Christian Bedouin woman. This criminally unpardonable decision by Mu’awiyah led to three of the most heinous crimes in history by Yazid – the tragic martyrdom in Karbala the Prophet’s younger grandson, Imam Husain (AS); the desecration of the Prophet’s shrine and mosque in Medina where houses were plundered, women raped, and men massacred; and the sacrilegious storming of the holy Ka’ba in Mecca.

860 lunar years ago, on this day in 479AH, Spanish Muslims led by Yusuf bin Tashfin defeated Spanish Christians under command of Alphonse VI in the Battle of "az-Zalaqa". This decisive battle halted for over two-and-a-half centuries the bid by the Christian powers to drive out Spanish Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula.

777 solar years ago, on this day in 1241 AD, in the Battle of Liegnitz, Mongol forces defeated the Polish and German armies. The Mongols invaded Hungary, but the death of the Khaqaan (Great Khan), Ogedei, made them withdraw from Europe.

749 lunar years ago, on this day in 690 AH, Muslims liberated from Crusader occupiers the city of Beirut – capital of what is now Lebanon. The campaign was led by the Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, al-Ashraf Khalil Qalawun, a Qipchaq Turk, who liberated other cities, thus ending the 200-year Crusader presence in the Levant.

740 solar years ago, on this day in 1288 AD, Mongol invasions of Vietnam ended in disastrous defeat for the invaders in the naval Battle of Bach Dang River, resulting in the capture and execution of Mongol Muslim commander, Omar Khan. It was one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese military history.

682 solar years ago, on this day in 1336 AD, Amir Timur Gorkani, the fearsome Turko-Mongol conqueror, was born in the city of Kesh, now known as Shahr-e Sabz, 80 km south of the famous Iranian city of Samarqand, in what is now Uzbekistan. He started life as leader of a band of raiders, and during one such raid was shot by arrows that crippled his right leg for life; hence his epithet in Persian “Taimour-e Lang” (Timur the Lame), corrupted by Europeans to “Tamerlane”. He took over the Chaghatay Mongol Khanate of Central Asia and Khorasan, destroyed the Golden Horde of Eurasia, defeated the Mamluk Empire of Egypt-Syria, conquered the Sultanate of Delhi, and subjugated the emerging Ottoman Empire, whose sultan, Bayazid I, he captured in battle and took as prisoner to Samarqand. Timur died in 1405 at the age of 69, while intending an expedition against China, after conquering all the lands from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to the River Ganges in India, and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Moscow in the north. He was of ferocious nature and at times used to destroy entire cities and massacre whole populations. At the same time he patronized art, architecture and literature, especially the Persian language. He was buried in his capital Samarqand in a beautiful mausoleum called Gur-e Amir. His empire was inherited by his youngest son, Shahrukh, whose mother was an Iranian and who during his long and peaceful reign did not pursue any expansionist policy. A century after Timur’s death, his empire was no more as all his descendants vanished from the political scene, except for a great-great grandson, Zaheer od-Din Mohammad Babar, who established the Moghal Empire of the Subcontinent that ended in 1857 with the fall of Delhi to the British and the exiling to Burma of Bahadur Shah Zafar.

409 solar years ago, on this day in 1609 AD, Philip III issued expulsion order for the Moriscos of Valencia, at the instigation of the Duke of Lerma and the Viceroy of Valencia, Archbishop Juan de Ribera. Hundreds of thousands of Spanish who under compulsion outwardly appeared as Catholics but inwardly were Muslims, had to leave. This was the beginning of the expulsion of all Moriscos from Spain by 1614, and led to the migration of over a one million Spanish Muslims to North Africa. They were ordered to depart "under the pain of death and confiscation, without trial or sentence with just what they could carry, but no money, bullion, jewels or bills of exchange." The charge against them was that they were secretly planning to facilitate the invasion of Spain by the Ottoman Turks from the sea and by the Huguenots or Protestant Christians of France from the northern land route.

392 solar years ago, on this day in 1626 AD, English philosopher and mathematician, Francis Bacon, died at the age of 65. He initially engaged in politics and was imprisoned on the charge of bribery. While serving his prison term, he took to writing and advocated revival of science and philosophy. He authored several books, including “New Atlantis”, which presents a utopian picture of life.

211 lunar years ago, on this day in 1228 AH, prominent jurisprudent, Shaikh Ja’far bin Khizr al-Ḥilli an-Najafi, popular as Kashef al-Gheta, an epithet by which his progeny of scholars became well-known, passed away at the age of 73. A student of the famous scholars, Allamah Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi Bahr al-Uloum, and Allamah Waheed Behbahani, he campaigned against Akhbaris, writing books and essays to reject their views. He succeeded Bahr al-Uloum as Head of the Najaf Seminary. During the Wahhabi attack on holy Najaf, Kashef al-Gheta defended the city, and was the first Shi’a Muslim scholar who wrote against the heretical Wahhabi cult. He wrote several books and groomed many scholars, including the famous jurisprudent, Shaikh Mohammad Hasan Najafi, the author of “Jawaher al-Kalaam”.

193 lunar years ago, on this day in 1246 AH, prominent Iranian Islamic scholar Mullah Ali bin Jamshid, known as Akhound Noori, passed away in Isfahan. Born in a village near the town of Noor in Mazandaran, after initial studies in his hometown and later Qazvin, he travelled to Isfahan, where he studied under leading scholars, such as Aqa Mohammad Beedabadi and Mirza Abu’l-Qasim Modarres. He became an expert in Islamic philosophy, and the dean of the seminary of Isfahan, where he groomed almost a thousand students, politely declining in the process an invitation by King Fath-Ali Shah Qajar to come and teach in Tehran at the newly established Marvi seminary. Among his prominent students were Mullah Abdullah Zanouri and Haji Mullah Hadi Sabzevari. Of his numerous works in both Persian and Arabic, mention could be made of “Hojjat al-Islam” (Argumentation of Islam), which is a refutation of the British orientalist and Anglican priest Henry Martyn’s book casting doubts on the faith of Muslims. Another of his famous works is “Hawashiy-e Asfaar” on the famous Safavid-era philosopher, Mullah Sadra’s work “al-Asfaar al-Arba”.

153 solar years ago, on this day in 1865 AD, the 4-year long US Civil War, during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, ended with the surrender of the Northern Virginia army of 26,765 troops led by Confederate general, Robert E. Lee, to Unionist general, Ulysses S. Grant, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. The cause of the war was the refusal of the southern states to grant freedom to the black African people who were enslaved to work on plantations and in households, as cheap sources of labour. Within a week of General Lee’s surrender, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, who was in contact with the Confederate secret service.

121 solar years ago, on this day in 1897 AD, Iranian Gnostic, Abu’l-Hassan Tabatabai, known by his penname “Jalweh”, passed away at the age of 74. After completion of his studies in Isfahan, he came to Tehran where till the end of his life he groomed students and wrote books. Besides his diwan of Persian poetry, his books include Annotation of Mullah Sadra’s “Mabda wa Ma’ad”, and Ibn Sina’s “Shifa”. 

70 solar years ago, on this day in 1948 AD, the Zionist terror group Irgun slaughtered residents of the Palestinian village of Dayr Yasin, west of Bayt al-Moqaddas. Some 270 men, women and children were massacred by these illegal migrants from Europe, as part of the plot to set up the illegal state of Israel.

38 solar years ago, on this day in 1980 AD, Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqer as-Sadr, and his venerable sister, Amena Haidar, known as Bint al-Hoda, after days of torture in prison were martyred by Saddam, the tyrannical ruler of the Ba'th minority regime of Baghdad. Ayatollah Sadr was a brilliant scholar and studied under such Grand Ayatollah Mohsin al-Hakeem and Grand Ayatollah Abu’l-Qassem Khoie. At a young age he reached the status of Ijtehad – independent reasoning based on Holy Qur'an and Prophet's Hadith. His lectures at the Najaf Seminary, during which he used to critically evaluate western and eastern materialistic schools of thought, were widely attended by youths and academicians. He wrote outstanding Islamic works such as “Iqtasadona” (Our Economy) and “Falsafatona” (Our Philosophy). The awareness which he instilled in the Iraqi people, especially political consciousness, greatly alarmed the oppressive Ba'thist regime, in view of his attachment to the Father of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA). Following victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and jubilation of the Iraqi people for repeating this experience in Iraq, Ayatollah Sadr and his equally learned and socially active sister, were imprisoned, tortured and brutally martyred by Saddam. Ayatollah Baqer Sadr’s religious-political legacy is alive today, as many in the Iraqi administration are either his students or inspired by his thoughts.

27 solar years ago, on this day in 1991 AD, the Caucasus land of Georgia emerged as an independent republic. Georgia was long part of Iran both before and after the advent of Islam. After being a bone of contention between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires, it was occupied by Czarist Russia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Today, Georgia, which has allowed the US to tighten its yoke upon it, is grappling with independence seeking movements in the Muslim populated region of Abkhazia on the Black Sea and South Ossetia in northwest. Georgia covers an area of almost 70,000 sq km. It has a long coastline on the Black Sea and shares borders with Russia, the Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, and Turkey.

15 solar years ago, on this day in 2003 AD, Baghdad fell to the US army and Iraqis took to the streets to celebrate the end of the repressive Ba’th minority regime of Saddam. In the next 8 years, the US killed, either directly or indirectly, as many as 1.5 million Iraqi men, women, and children, before withdrawing in December 2011.

7 solar years ago, on this day in 2011 AD, Bahraini journalist, Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri, was tortured to death in prison by agents of the repressive Aal-e Khalifa minority regime, a week after his arrest. He was the first journalist in Bahrain to die in direct relation to his work since the Committee to Protect Journalists started keeping records in 1992. He regularly reported on human rights, business, culture, and politics. Photos later surfaced of al-Ashiri's corpse, which displayed cuts and gashes, and added further evidence that he was beaten to death.

AS/ME