Today is Thursday; 22nd of the Iranian month of Bahman 1394 solar hijri; corresponding to 2nd of the Islamic month of Jamadi al-Awwal 1437 lunar hijri; and February 11, 2016, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

2676 solar years ago, on this day in 660 BC, a certain Jimmu was supposedly crowned as Japan's first emperor. However, no historically firm dates can be assigned to his life nor his reign and neither to the reigns of his early successors. Most historians dismiss this entire period as pre-history that cannot be confirmed. The reign of Kimmei (509–571 AD), believed to be the 29th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession is the first for which historiography is able to assign verifiable dates. Today, the Japanese emperor holds a ceremonial post while the main power is wielded by the elected prime minister. The Japanese mark the anniversary of the so-called first day of monarchic system as a national festivity ever year.

1772 solar years ago, on this day in 244 AD, Roman Emperor, Gordian III, was killed by Iranian soldiers in the Battle of Misikhe near present day Fallujah in Iraq, resulting in a major victory for Sassanid Emperor, Shapur I, who has recorded this victory in the stone inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam near Shiraz: “When at first we had become established in the (Sassanid) empire, Gordian Caesar raised in all of the Roman Empire a force from the Goth and German realms and marched on Babylonia against the Empire of Iran and against us. On the border of Babylonia at Misikhe, a great frontal battle occurred. Gordian Caesar was killed and the Roman force was destroyed. And the Romans made Philip (the Arab) Caesar. Then Philip Caesar came to us for terms, and to ransom their lives, gave us 500,000 dinars, and became tributary to us. And for this reason we have renamed Misikhe Peroz-Shapur.”

1375 solar years ago, on this day in 641 AD, Emperor Heraclius of Byzantium or the Eastern Roman Empire, died at the age of 67, after suffering a string of defeats at the hands of the newly emergent Muslims and losing Syria and Egypt to the forces of Islam. Born into an Armenian family, he was the son of Heraclius the Elder, who had served as governor of North Africa. In 610, on landing in Constantinople he overthrew Emperor Phocas and declared himself emperor in the midst of the war against Iran's Sassanid Empire which had inflicted a series of defeats on the Romans in Syria, Anatolia, and Egypt. Although his first battles ended in defeat as the Iranian army advanced on the Bosporus and besieged the capital Constantinople, Heraclius started rebuilding the military and twelve years later in 622 managed to push back the Persians out of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). In 624, he advanced into northern Media, where he destroyed the great fire-temple of Ganzhak. Two years later in 626, he captured Colchis in Georgia in the Caucasus from Iran, and then in 627 he penetrated Iraq, defeating the Iranians in the Battle of Nineveh. Soon the Sassanid Emperor, Khosrow II, was assassinated and peace was restored to the two empires. But shortly after his victory, Heraclius, who some years earlier had received a letter of invitation to Islam from Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), faced Muslim armies in Syria, where he was defeated and withdrew, as the Arabs swept across the Levant. In order to check the Muslim advance, Heraclius entered into an alliance with the Iranian Emperor, Yazdegird III, and sent a massive army of Slavs, Greeks, Franks, Georgians, Armenians and Arab Christians. The Muslim tactic of sending a separate force to Iraq thwarted this alliance. Thus the total defeat of the numerically superior Roman army at Yarmouk (636) by lightly armed Muslims saw the fall of Damascus as well, and a year later led to the liberation of Bayt al-Moqaddas without bloodshed. As Muslim armies swept across Armenia and Egypt, the crestfallen Heraclius died.

1046 lunar years ago, on this day in 391 AH, the Iranian poet, Abu Ishaq Kesa-i Marvazi, passed away at the age of 41 in his hometown, the Khorasani city of Marv, which was seized by Russia in 1884 and is now in the present day republic of Turkmenistan. His life was concurrent with the waning years of the Iranian Samanid Dynasty of Bukhara and the rise of the Turkic Ghaznavid Dynasty of Ghazna. Hence he has written poems in praise of the rulers of these two dynasties, before embracing the truth of the school of the school of the Ahl al-Bayt. Thereafter he devoted his life to writing poetry on the merits of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) and his First Infallible Heir, Imam Ali (AS). He has left a Divan of poems.

1014 lunar years ago, on this day in 423 AH, the famous calligrapher Abu’l-Hassan Ali ibn Hilal Ibn al-Bawwab, passed away in Baghdad. He reputedly invented the cursive “Rayhani” and “Muhaqqaq” scripts. He refined several of the calligraphic styles invented a century earlier by the famous Ibn Muqlah, including the “Naskhi” and “Tawqi” scripts, and collected and preserved for his students numerous original manuscripts of that master. “Ibn al-Bawwab”, which means “son of the doorkeeper”, was from a poor family, but he received a thorough education in law and memorized the holy Qur’an. His interest in calligraphy was inspired by Mohammad ibn Asad and was developed under Mohammad ibn Samsamani, both of whom were students of Ibn Muqlah. Altogether, Ibn al-Bawwab produced 64 handwritten copies of the Qur’an. One of the most beautiful in the “Rayhani” script is in the Laleli Mosque in Istanbul. Ibn al-Bawwab was recognized as a master in his own time; his school of calligraphy lasted until Baghdad fell to the Mongol invaders more than two centuries after his death.

438 solar years ago, on this day in 1578 AD, Sultan Mohammad Khodabanda was proclaimed the 4th Shah of the Safavid Empire of Iran on the sudden death of his fratricidal younger brother, Ismail II, who a year earlier had seized the throne after executing several of his brothers, following the long 52-year reign of their father, Shah Tahmasp I. Of weak eyesight as well as weak-willed, the mild-mannered Khodabanda ruled for 9 years, mostly with the help of his wife, Khayr on-Nisa Begum, until replaced by his teenaged energetic son, Shah Abbas the Great. Sultan Khodabanda's reign was marked by court intrigues and factionalism amongst the powerful Qizilbash tribes that allowed encroachments on Iranian territories, by the Ottomans in the northwest and Caucasus, and by the Uzbegs in Khorasan. He was a poet and wrote under the penname "Fahmi". He died in Qazvin in 1596, nine years after being deposed.

403 lunar years ago, on this day in 1034 AH, the prominent scholar-statesman of Iran and Deccan (southern India), Mir Mohammad Momin Astarabadi, passed away in Haiderabad and was laid to rest in the vast graveyard he had laid out by mixing shipload of soil from holy Karbala, and which is known till this day as Daer-e Mir Momin. Born in Astarabad (Gorgan near the Caspian Sea in today's Golestan Province), he was appointed tutor to Prince Haidar Mirza, the chosen successor of Shah Tahmasp I, the 2nd emperor of the Safavid Dynasty of Iran. On Haider’s murder following the death of Shah Tahmasp, he realized the gravity of situation under the fratricidal Ismail II (notorious as 'murtad' or apostate), and left Iran for pilgrimage to the holy shrines in Iraq. Then he sailed to southern India to join the court of Sultan Ibrahim Qutb Shah of the Golkandeh Sultanate of Iranian Turkic origin. He rose to prominence in the reign of the next king, Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah, becoming Peshwa (prime minister). A promoter of the teachings of Prophet Mohammad's (SAWA) Ahl al-Bayt, on his advice and under his supervision, the city of Haiderabad was built with the imposing structure of Charminar as its centre. He wrote several books and trained a large number of scholars in various fields. Mir Momin's name is alive in Haiderabad and the Deccan, and his grave is a site of pilgrimage.

366 solar years ago, on this day in 1650 AD, French philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes, known as “father of modern western philosophy” died at the age of 53. His work "La Geometrie" includes his application of algebra to geometry that led to emergence of Cartesian geometry. During 1620-28, Descartes travelled through Europe, before settling in Holland. Soon after, he began work on his first major treatise on physics. This work was near completion when news reached him that the Italian scientist Galileo was condemned to house arrest by the Christian Church because of divulging scientific facts about the earth and the planets, based on the study of works of the early Islamic scholars. Descartes decided not to publish that work during his lifetime. Later, he turned to philosophy, and his most famous quote is “I think, therefore I am.”

231 solar years ago, on this day in 1785 AD, Ali Murad Khan, the 6th ruler of Iran’s Zand dynasty, after a 4-year tyrannical reign, was defeated and executed, by Ja’far Khan Zand, who thus avenged the murder of his father, Sadeq Khan Zand the 5th ruler. After the death of the founder of the Zand Dynasty, the benevolent Karim Khan, who never took the title of Shah despite restoring stability to Iran following the killing of Nader Shah Afshar, the country again became fragmented. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar who was a hostage — in order to preventing an outbreak of war between the Qajar tribes in northern Iran and the Zands — escaped and reached Mazandaran. Subsequently he took command of his tribe in Astrabad, and declared independence from the Zand Shah. Karim Khan’s brother Zaki dispatched an army under the command of his nephew, Ali Murad Khan against the Qajar chief, but the latter betrayed Karim Khan’s son and successor, Abul-Fath Khan, and left him defenseless in the capital to die under suspicious circumstances. Ali Murad then captured Isfahan. He levied high taxes on the people, and tortured and slew whoever refused. Finally on March 14, 1781 he captured Shiraz, and slew Karim Khan’s brother Sadeq Khan and sat on the throne, until he was overthrown by the latter’s son Ja’far, who became the next ruler and defeated Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in several battles. The fratricide amongst the Zands brought about their own downfall and led to establishment of the Qajar dynasty under Agha Mohammad Khan in 1794.

169 solar years ago, on this day in 1847 AD, US inventor, Thomas Alva Edison was born. He held a world record 1,093 patents (including those held jointly) and created the world's first industrial research laboratory. He showed an early curiosity for explanations of how everything worked and was especially interested in chemistry. He began selling newspapers on the railroad at age 12, and learned how to operate a telegraph. In 1868, his first invention was an electric vote-recording machine. In 1876 he moved his laboratory to New Jersey, where he invented phonograph in 1877 and the first prototype of a commercially practical incandescent electric light bulb in 1879. Other inventions included storage batteries, a dictaphone and a mimeograph. By the late 1880s he made motion pictures, and by 1912 was experimenting with talking pictures.

124 lunar years ago, on this day in 1313 AH, the religious scholar Mullah Mohammad Baqer Va’ez Tehrani passed away at the age of 58. He has left behind a large number of books, including “Jannat an-Na’eem”, on the life of Prophet Mohammad’s (SAWA) prominent descendant, Hazrat Abdul-Azim al-Hasani (AS), whose shrine in Rayy is centre of pilgrimage.

112 lunar years ago, on this day in 1325 AH, the scholar Mirza Yahya Bidabadi Isfahani passed away at the age of 75. A student of Ayatollah Sheikh Morteza Ansari, he wrote several books, including “Tafzil al-A’imma ala'l-Malaeka” on the superiority of the Infallible Imams of the household of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) over the other prophets and angels.

87 solar years ago, on this day in 1929 AD, with the signing of the Latran Treaty, Vatican, the seat of the Catholic sect of Christianity, was recognized by Italy as an independent enclave. Following Italy’s unification in 1870 as a country, the government had seized the territories of the Catholic Church, which in the middle ages used to wield extensive powers not just in Italy but in France and other parts of Europe, crowning and dethroning kings. The Popes who had their capital in Rome even declared themselves emperors before the birth of nation states in Europe and the end of their power. Vatican is located is considered as the smallest and least populated country in the world. It covers an area of less than half a square kilometer; and its population stands at around 1,000 people.

39 solar years ago, on this day in 1977 AD, Fakhr od-Din Ali Ahmed, the 5th president of India, died at the age of 72, after three years in office. He was the second Muslim to serve in the country's topmost post. Born in Delhi to Colonel Zu'n-Nour Ali of Assam, his mother was a daughter of the Nawab of Loharu in Punjab. After higher studies at Cambridge University, he qualified as a barrister from the Inner Temple of London. He returned to India to begin legal practice at the Lahore High Court in 1928. He joined the Congress Party and actively participated in the freedom movement against the British, suffering arrest and imprisonment as a result. After Independence he served as elected representative, both at the state level in Assam and in the national parliament. He joined the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as minister holding such portfolios as Food and Agriculture, Cooperation, Education, Industrial Development and Company Laws, before becoming president.

37 solar years ago, on this day in 1979 AD, the Islamic Revolution triumphed in Iran under the leadership of Imam Khomeini (RA). It is the day that totally transformed the history of Iran, and with the heart-soothing cries of Allah-o Akbar threw into the dustbin of history the despotic monarchial regime of the British-installed and US-backed Pahlavi potentate. It is the day that every year marks culmination of the 10-Day Dawn celebrations. On this day the unarmed Muslim masses of Iran, including men, women and children, took to the streets of Tehran and other cities, in defiance of the Shah's military which tried to block their way with tanks and armored cars. During the clashes many senior officers of the military lost their lives and the revolutionary people quickly took over the important military bases. The army surrendered, while the fugitive Shah's premier, Shapour Bakhtiar and his cabinet fled the country, moments later Iran's Radio and TV stations announced the downfall of the regime and victory of the Islamic Revolution. The announcer said: "Attention please! Attention please! This is the voice of the revolution". The whole nation was filled with joy and Iran emerged as a truly independent Islamic State which serves as a model for the aspirations of freedom and justice of not just the Muslim countries but all the oppressed people of the world. Every year on this day, tens of millions of peoples hold rallies to renew their allegiance to the ideals of the Late Imam Khomeini and the goals of the Islamic Republic system of Iran.

26 solar years ago, on this day in 1990 AD, the leader of the anti-racist struggles of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was released after 22 years in prison. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1963 for his struggles against the White minority Apartheid Regime. Upon release he was accorded a very warm welcome by the black people of South Africa. In 1991, an agreement was reached between Mandela and the minority regime for ending the Apartheid System, and in 1994, after holding of the first multiracial elections Mandela was elected as the first black president of South Africa. Mandela died on 5 December 2013.

5 solar years ago, on this day in 2011 AD, Hosni Mubarak, Egypt’s US-supported tyrannical president, was toppled by the popular uprising after 30 years in power. He had taken over the presidency in October on the revolutionary execution of President Anwar Sadaat by Khalid Islamboli during a parade, for signing of the scandalous Camp David Accord with the illegal Zionist entity. A client of the usurper state of Israel and an enemy of the Muslim people of Egypt, Mubarak ruled by clamping a state of emergency and denying participation to Islamic groups in the state-managed elections. He ruined Egypt’s economy, before finally falling victim to the wave of Islamic Awakening sweeping North Africa that had erupted in Tunisia. Egyptian people made history by assembling in millions in Cairo’s Tahrir Square where the revolutionaries stayed day and night for 18 days despite the threats and attacks of the regime’s forces. On this day, Mubarak yielded to popular demands and ceded power to a council of generals, who a few months later were forced to try him and his corrupt sons in a bid to calm down the Egyptian nation. Unfortunately the military, with the backing of the US, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, staged a coup in 2013 to seize power from the first-ever popularly elected government of Egypt.

AS/ME