Today is Friday; 23rd of the Iranian month of Bahman 1394 solar hijri; corresponding to 3rd of the Islamic month of Jamadi al-Awwal 1437 lunar hijri; and February 12, 2016, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

898 solar years ago, on this day in 1128 AD, Zaher od-Din Toghtekin, the Turkic Mamluk (slave) Atabek (governor) of Damascus died after a rule of 24 years, during which he was a thorn in the side of the Crusader occupiers of Palestine and parts of Syria – though mostly suffering setbacks but thwarting the bid of the European invaders to capture Damascus. He lived in a crucial period of history when Seljuqid Syria was plunged into civil war following the death in battle in Rayy (near modern Tehran) in 1095 of his master, Amir Taj od Dowla Tutush I – younger brother of Malik Shah, the sultan of the Isfahan-based Great Seljuq Empire. At a time when Muslim unity in northern Syria and solidarity with the Fatemids of Egypt-southern Syria could have prevented the fall of Antioch (1097), Tripoli, Tyre and finally Bayt al-Moqaddas (1099) to the European invaders, Toghetin supported the rebellion of his late master’s second son, Shams ol-Mulouk Duqaq against the elder, Fakhr ol-Mulk Redhwan of Aleppo, thereby fragmenting the Seljuqs. In 1104, on the death of Duqaq, he displaced the latter’s sons to seize power of Damascus and its dependencies, and founded the short-lived Burid dynasty, which in 1154 was overthrown by the fellow Turkic Zengids of Mosul and Aleppo, who in turn gave way in 1176 to the Kurdish adventurer Salah od-Din – founder of the Ayyubid Empire of Egypt-Syria and liberator of Bayt al-Moqaddas in 1187.

684 lunar years ago, on this day in 753 AH, Malik Maqboul Telangani was made minister in Delhi by Sultan Mohammad Tughlaq and bestowed the title of Qawwam ul-Mulk. Born as Kattu Yugandhar in a noble Hindu family of Warangal in the Deccan, and made commander of the Kakatiya Kingdom with the title Ganna Nayaka by King Prataparudra, he was captured in battle by the army of the Delhi Sultanate, and embraced the truth of Islam. Because of his sincerity and loyalty he won the confidence of Sultan Mohammad Tughlaq and was appointed governor of Multan (in today’s Pakistan). His administrative abilities in the Punjab won praise and he was later sent to his native Deccan to deal with the rebellion of his former overlords, the Kakatiyas. On return to Delhi he rose rapidly in ranks to the extent that the next king, Feroze Shah Tughlaq, made him finance minister and then vizier (prime minister) with the title Khan-e Jahan. He mastered the Persian language and accompanied the Sultan on the expedition to Gujarat and successfully subdued the rebels. Feroz Shah would refer to him as “my brother” and during the Sultan’s six-month absence in Sindh, Khan-e Jahan Telangani ably administered Delhi. He never exceeded his powers, and had a strong desire to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, which he couldn’t undertake because of state responsibilities. He built several mosques in and around Delhi and on his death his son, Jauna Khan, inherited his position as vizier. Built in 1388 AD, his tomb adjacent to the Sufi shrine of Seyyed Nizam od-Din Awliya, was the first octagonal mausoleum in Delhi. The only other octagonal mausoleum predating it in the Subcontinent is the Sufi shrine of Shah Rukn-e Alam in Multan.

514 solar years ago, on this day in 1502 AD, Spanish Muslims in the occupied emirate of Granada were forced to convert to the Catholic sect of Christianity by Queen Isabella of Castile. Those who refused were given choice between death and expulsion. Many did in fact flee to North Africa, while others fought to the death; however, most became Christians in name, on the assumption of saving their faith and children. In other words, Spain’s Muslim population went underground in 1502 for concealing their beliefs and actions from the Christian authorities in order to avoid being killed. These “converted” Muslims were known as Moriscos – a derogatory term – and were intently watched by the government. The Moriscos were not descendants of Arab settlers, but of native Iberian Christians who had embraced the truth of Islam, and were thus as ethnically Iberian as the Christians who persecuted, killed and expelled them. The government placed strict restrictions on them to try to prevent them from secretly practicing Islam, which many were, of course, doing. Moriscos had to leave the doors to their homes open on Thursday nights and Friday mornings, so soldiers can look in, to make sure they were not bathing, as Muslims are supposed to do on Friday. Those caught reading the holy Qur’an or making wudhu (ablution) could be immediately killed. Even under such difficult circumstances, the Moriscos retained their beliefs for several decades, and some for over a century, while the community activities of Islam such as the congregational prayer, alms giving, and pilgrimage to Mecca were forbidden. It is worth noting that in 1485, when the Mamluk Ruler of Egypt-Syria was all set to dispatch an army to help Granada repel the Christian aggression, Ottoman Sultan Bayazid II halted his European campaigns and turned eastwards to attack fellow Muslims in Anatolia and Syria, thereby starting the disastrous Ottoman-Mamluk Wars that continued for over three decades, while Spanish Muslims were being exterminated.

423 solar years ago, on this day in 1593 AD, during the Japanese invasion of Korea, approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by General Kwon Yul successfully repelled more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. Together with the Siege of Jinju in 1592 and the Battle of Hansan Island, it is considered the greatest Korean victory during the seven years of war that ended in 1598 when the Japanese were forced to withdraw from the Korean Peninsula.

212 solar years ago, on this day in 1804 AD, the German philosopher and scientist, Immanuel Kant, died at the age of 80. He wrote books on various topics such as mathematics, natural sciences, astronomy, logic, and philosophy. Kant tried to introduce the role played by experience and wisdom in learning and also the boundaries of wisdom and senses in understanding the world. His philosophy is based on criticism of wisdom and therefore called ‘critical philosophy’. His books include "Critique of Practical Reason".

207 solar years ago, on this day in 1809 AD, the British naturalist, Charles Darwin, was born. He claimed to have conducted studies on evolution of species and went on a long voyage for completion of his research. Upon return, he published the controversial book "On the Origin of Species" which is mere speculation and for a period influenced people who lacked faith in God, the wonders of creation, and the realities of life. His theory was based on the Survival of the Fittest, where the stronger plants and animals survive and the weaker ones become extinct. Darwin died in 1882, and his theory of evolution has been subjected to analysis and disproved by scholars and Muslim ulema.

191 solar years ago, on this day in 1825 AD, the Creek Amerindians were forced cede the last of their ancestral lands in what is called the state of Georgia in the USA, by imposition of the 2nd Treaty of Indian Springs. As part of the ethnic-cleansing policy of the successive Anglo-Saxon regimes in the White House Native Americans of the Creek Nation were forcibly relocated to the west of River Mississippi against their wish that led to resentment and the clashes which left scores of casualties. The first Indian Springs Treaty was signed four years earlier for similar displacement of Amerindians from their ancestral lands with the promise of payment in installations that were never fully paid. The US has a bleak, black, and bloody record of ethnic cleansing, genocide, wars and massacres, coupled with breach of promises, it never keeps.

104 solar years ago, on this day in 1912 AD, following the uprising of Chinese people and the military, the Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic set up under the presidency of Sun Yat-sen, who is called Father of the Chinese nation. Later on, he stepped down and was succeeded by Yuan Shikai. With the break out of disputes and skirmishes, China once again plunged into instability and tension. In 1941, the communist revolution took place under the leadership of Mao Zedong, and modern China was formally declared as the People's Republic in 1949 at the end of civil war. China is the most populous country in the world with a population of over 1.3 billion people.

100 lunar years ago, on this day in 1337 AH, the prominent Islamic scholar, Seyyed Ismail Sadr, passed away in the holy city of Kazemain in Iraq. He was born in Isfahan to the scholar of Lebanese ancestry, Sadr ad-Din Saleh. After preliminary Islamic studies under his brother in Iran, he left for Iraq to study at the famous Najaf Seminary. He mastered theology, jurisprudence, ethics, and other Islamic sciences under prominent ulema such as Ayatollah Shaikh Morteza Ansari and Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi. He soon became the leading marja’ or source of emulation. Seyyed Ismail Sadr is the ancestor of the well-known and respected Sadr family spread over Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. His elder son, Sadr ad-Din Sadr was the father of Seyyed Imam Musa as-Sadr of Lebanon, who was imprisoned in 1978 and later martyred by Mo’ammar Qadhafi of Libya, while his second son, Haidar as-Sadr, was the father of Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqer as-Sadr, who was martyred by Saddam in April 1980. His fourth son, Mohammad Mahdi as-Sadr was the grandfather of Iraqi religious-political leader, Seyyed Moqtada as-Sadr.

77 solar years ago, on this day in 1939 AD, Akbar Adibi, Iranian scientist, and father of electronics in Iran, was born in Songhor in Kermanshah Province. After obtaining masters in Electrical Engineering from Tehran University in 1965, he worked for the Alestom Power Plant and taught at the university. In 1973 he left for the US, where at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) in 1973, he obtained two Master of Science degrees – the first in Microprocessor-based Computer Systems and the second in Solid State and Semiconductor Device. He completed his PhD in 1977 on Barrier Solar Cells. On return to Iran he resumed his job of lecturer at Tehran Polytechnic, which after the victory of Islamic Revolution became the Amir Kabir University. His notable achievements are: The creation of Iran’s first Solar Cell in 1978, more than 100 articles in internal and international publications, becoming Full Professor in 1995, earning the prestigious Kharezmi National Prize for his contribution as one of the best projects in 1995, earning the respected title of "The Most Recognized and Elite University Professor of Iran" in 1996, and being named the "Father of Electronics and VLSI in Iran". He was a member of numerous academic societies, including; New York Academy of Sciences, New York Planetary Society, Optical Society of America, and Iran's IEEE Student Branch Counselor. He was involved in many industry-based projects, namely; the design and implementation of a 32 channel PCM system, the design and construction of a DSP-based high voltage network protection system, and the design of a DCS-based control, until his death due to heart failure on August 26, 2000. Adibi is the author of several technical books such as “Pulse Techniques”, “Theory and Technology of Semiconductor Devices”, and “Digital Electronics”. He believed that electronics and VLSI technology could help Iran lower its dependency on oil.

77 lunar years ago, on this day in 1360 AH, the prominent Islamic scholar and poet, Ayatollah Mirza Abu-Abdullah Shaikh al-Islam Zanjani, passed away at the age of 51. He was a product of the Islamic seminaries of Isfahan and Najaf, and settled in his hometown Zanjan. He travelled to Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, where the famous al-Azhar Academy appreciated his scholarship, and printed some of his works on the holy Qur'an in Arabic.

67 solar years ago, on this day in 1949 AD, Hassan al-Banna, Founder of Egypt's Ikhwan al-Muslimin (or Muslim Brotherhood), was executed by the regime of King Farouq on the instructions of Britain for alleged involvement in the murder of a minister. The authorities also banned the Muslim Brotherhood in view of its popularity amongst not only the Egyptian Muslims but in neighbouring lands such as Syria, Jordan, and Palestine. The Brotherhood had a key role in mobilising the public to oust the US-backed dictator, Hosni Mubarak in 2012, but the government which it set up under President Mohammad Morsi on winning Egypt’s first fair and free elections, was overthrown after a year in power in 2013 in a military coup backed by the US, Israel and Saudi Arabia.

37 solar years ago, on this day in 1979 AD, a day after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the provisional government appointed by Imam Khomeini (RA) formally started activities, as the people overpowered remnants of the ousted Pahlavi regime to take over key governmental installations. To ensure order in society, the Late Imam issued orders for formation of the Islamic Revolutionary committees in all localities thereby thwarting the plots of anti-revolutionary and foreign-funded elements.

8 solar years ago, on this day in 2008, Emad Mughniyeh, known as Haaj Redhwan, one of the leaders of Lebanon's legendry anti-terrorist movement, the Hezbollah, was martyred in the Syrian capital Damascus, in a terrorist car bomb blast by agents of the illegal Zionist entity operating in tandem with the CIA and certain Arab reactionary states, such as Saudi Arabia, as part of the plot to destabilize Lebanon and Syria. Born in 1963 in the city of Tyre in southern Lebanon, his education was disrupted because of Israeli attacks and occupation of parts of Lebanon that compelled him to take up arms against the enemies of his homeland. He cooperated with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and later he joined the Amal Movement. In 1982, on formation of the Hezbollah, he became one of its key members. Mughniyeh planned and executed many strategic operations to dislodge Israeli forces from southern Lebanon, and as a result was placed on the hit list of the Zionist entity. In 2006 when Israel launched the 33-day war on Lebanon, he played a prime role in thwarting the aggression and forcing the Zionist army to retreat.

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